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Shape Functions: Finite Element Analysis in Geotechnical Engineering

The document discusses finite element analysis in geotechnical engineering. It begins by describing shape functions, which are interpolation functions used to describe displacements throughout an element. It then examines a two-noded bar element as a simple example, deriving the shape functions and displacement model. The shape functions are defined such that the displacements at each node are equal to the nodal displacements. Finally, it briefly introduces higher order elements like three-noded bars and two-noded beam elements.

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Ashokan Keloth
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Download as ppt, pdf, or txt
51 views36 pages

Shape Functions: Finite Element Analysis in Geotechnical Engineering

The document discusses finite element analysis in geotechnical engineering. It begins by describing shape functions, which are interpolation functions used to describe displacements throughout an element. It then examines a two-noded bar element as a simple example, deriving the shape functions and displacement model. The shape functions are defined such that the displacements at each node are equal to the nodal displacements. Finally, it briefly introduces higher order elements like three-noded bars and two-noded beam elements.

Uploaded by

Ashokan Keloth
Copyright
© Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
Available Formats
Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
Download as ppt, pdf, or txt
Download as ppt, pdf, or txt
You are on page 1/ 36

FINITE ELEMENT ANALYSIS IN

GEOTECHNICAL ENGINEERING
Shape functions
Interpolation functions
Describe the way in which the
displacements are
interpolated throughout the
element
Polynomial
No. of terms = No. of degrees
of freedom
Shape functions
Derived in terms of
Global coordinates
Natural coordinates
rst coordinates
Two noded bar element
1 (x
1
, u
1
) 2 (x
2
, u
2
)
x l
Two noded bar element
1 (x
1
, u
1
) 2 (x
2
, u
2
)
x
l
1D element
No. of DoF = 2 (u
1
, u
2
)
No. of terms in
displacement model = 2
Two noded bar element
1 (x
1
, u
1
) 2 (x
2
, u
2
)
x
l
Displacement model

Linear polynomial

x a a u
2 1
+ =
(1)
Two noded bar element
In matrix form,


1 (x
1
, u
1
) 2 (x
2
, u
2
)
x
l
(2)
{ } | |{ }
{ } { }
| | { } { }
{ } { }
2 1
1
a a a
x
u u
a u
T
T
=
= =
=
=
| |
|
(3)
Two noded bar element
1 (x
1
, u
1
) 2 (x
2
, u
2
)
x
l
Nodal Displacements

2 2 1 2
1 2 1 1
x a a u
x a a u
+ =
+ =
Two noded bar element
1 (x
1
, u
1
) 2 (x
2
, u
2
)
x
l
At nodes
Node 1, x = 0, u = u
1
Node 2, x = , u = u
2

Two noded bar element
1 (x
1
, u
1
) 2 (x
2
, u
2
)
x
l
Nodal Displacements

l a a u
a u
2 1 2
1 1
+ =
=
(4)
Two noded bar element
1 (x
1
, u
1
) 2 (x
2
, u
2
)
x
l
Nodal Displacements in
matrix form

{d} = [A] {a}

(5)
)
`

=
)
`

2
1
2
1
1
0 1
a
a
l u
u
Two noded bar element
1 (x
1
, u
1
) 2 (x
2
, u
2
)
x
l
[N] = {|} [A]
-1

(6)
{ } { } l x l x l N N ) (
2 1
=
Two noded bar element
1 (x
1
, u
1
) 2 (x
2
, u
2
)
x
l
At Node 1, x = 0,
N
1
= 1, N
2
= 0
Node 2, x = ,
N
1
= 0, N
2
= 1


x
Two noded bar element
1 (x
1
, u
1
) 2 (x
2
, u
2
)
l
Variation of N
1
over the length of the element
N
1
= 1
1
N
1
= 0
2
N
1
= (l x) / l
x
Two noded bar element
1 (x
1
, u
1
) 2 (x
2
, u
2
)
l
Variation of N
2
over the length of the element
N
2
= 0
1
N
2
= 1
2
N
2
= x / l
Home work
Derive the shape
functions in terms of
global coordinates for
three noded truss
element
Three noded bar element
T
T
l x l x
l x l x
l x l x
N
N
N

+
+
=

2 2
2 2
2 2
3
2
1
/ 4 / 4
/ 2 /
/ 2 / 3 1
Three noded bar element
Variation of N
1
over the length of the element
N
1
= 1
1
N
1
= 0
2
N
1
= 1 3x/ l + 2x
2
/ l
2
N
1
= 0
3
Three noded bar element
Variation of N
2
over the length of the element
N
2
= 0
1
N
2
= 1
2
N
2
= x/ l + 2x
2
/ l
2
N
2
= 0
3
N
3
= 1
Three noded bar element
Variation of N
3
over the length of the element
N
3
= 0
1
N
3
= 0
2
N
3
= 4x/ l - 4x
2
/ l
2
3
Two noded beam element
u
1

2
x l
v
1

v
2

1
u
2

Two noded beam element
1D element
No. of DoF = 4 (v
1
, u
1
, v
2
, u
2
)
No. of terms in
displacement model = 4
u
1

2
x l
v
1

v
2

1
u
2

Two noded beam element
u
1

2
x l
v
1

v
2

1
u
2

3
4
2
3 2 1
x a x a x a a v + + + =
Displacement model

Cubic polynomial

(1)
Two noded beam element
u
1

2
x l
v
1

v
2

1
u
2

2
4 3 2
3 2 x a x a a
dx
dv
+ + = = u
Rotation model

Quadratic polynomial

(2)
Two noded beam element
u
1

2
x l
v
1

v
2

1
u
2

Displacement model in matrix form





{u} = [|] {a}
[|] = { 1 x x
2
x
3
}



(3)
{ }

=
4
3
2
1
3 2
1
a
a
a
a
x x x v
Two noded beam element
u
1

2
x l
v
1

v
2

1
u
2

At nodes

Node 1, x = 0, v = v
1
, u = u
1

Node 2, x = , v = v
2
, u = u
2


Two noded beam element
u
1

2
x l
v
1

v
2

1
u
2

Nodal Degrees of Freedom

2
4 3 2 2
3
4
2
3 2 1 2
2 1
1 1
3 2 l a l a a
l a l a l a a v
a
a v
+ + =
+ + + =
=
=
u
u (4)
Two noded beam element
u
1

2
x l
v
1

v
2

1
u
2

Nodal Degrees of Freedom in matrix form



{d} = [A] {a}

(
(
(
(

4
3
2
1
2
3 2
2
2
1
1
3 2 1 0
1
0 0 1 0
0 0 0 1
a
a
a
a
l l
l l l
v
v
u
u
Two noded beam element
u
1

2
x l
v
1

v
2

1
u
2

| |
(
(
(
(

2 3 2 3
2 2
1
1 2 1 2
1 3 2 3
0 0 1 0
0 0 0 1
l l l l
l l l l
A
Two noded beam element
u
1

2
x l
v
1

v
2

1
u
2

[N] = {|} [A]
-1

Two noded beam element
u
1

2
x l
v
1

v
2

1
u
2

T
T
l x l x
l x l x
l x l x x
l x l x
N
N
N
N

+

+
+
=

2 3 2
3 3 2 2
2 3 2
3 3 2 2
4
3
2
1
/ /
/ 2 / 3
/ / 2
/ 2 / 3 1
Three noded beam element
Variation of N
1
over the length of the element
N
1
= 1
1
N
1
= 0
2
Cubic parabola
N
1
= 1 3x
2
/ l
2
+ 2x
3
/ l
3
Three noded beam element
Variation of cN
2
/cx over the length of the element
cN
2
/cx = 1
1
cN
2
/cx = 0
2
Parabola
cN
2
/cx = 1 4x / l

+ 3x
2
/ l
2
Three noded beam element
Variation of N
3
over the length of the element
N
3
= 0
1
N
3
= 1
2
Cubic parabola
N
3
= 3x
2
/ l
2
- 2x
3
/ l
3
Three noded beam element
Variation of cN
4
/cx over the length of the element
cN
4
/cx = 1
1
cN
4
/cx = 0
2
Parabola
cN
4
/cx = -2x / l

+ 3x
2
/ l
2

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