Shape Memory Alloys

BY SYNDICATE NO 2
INTRODUCTION
WHAT ARE SHAPE MEMORY ALLOYS.

MATERIALS WHICH REMEMBERS ITS SHAPE. COMMONLY KNOWN AS SMA. AFTER IT IS DEFORMED, IT REGAINS ITS ORIGINAL GEOMETRY BY ITSELF DURING HEATING (ONE-WAY EFFECT) OR, AT HIGHER AMBIENT TEMPERATURES, SIMPLY DURING UNLOADING (PSEUDO-ELASTICITY). RAPIDLY FINDING ITS PLACE IN MOST OF THE INDUSTRIES. FURTHERANCE OF PHASE TRANSFORMATION KNOWLEDGE.
PHASES
PH 1 : BRIEF ON SMA.
PH 2 : THEORY BEHIND SMA.
PH 3 : SHAPE MEMORY EFFECT & PSEUDO-
ELASTICITY.

PH 4 : APPLICATIONS OF SMA.
CONCLUSION.
BRIEF ON SMA
METALS THAT REMEMBER ITS ORIGINAL SHAPE.

EXHIBIT TWO UNIQUE PROPERTIES :-
PSEUDO-ELASTICITY.
SHAPE MEMORY EFFECT.
ARNE OLANDER FIRST OBSERVED THESE

UNUSUAL PROPERTIES IN 1938, BUT NOT UNTIL
THE 1960'S WERE ANY SERIOUS RESEARCH

ADVANCES MADE IN THE FIELD OF SHAPE MEMORY ALLOYS.
BRIEF ON SMA
DIVERSE APPLICATIONS MADE THEM INCREASINGLY IMP & VISIBLE TO THE WORLD.
NITINOL OR NICKEL-TITANIUM ALLOY MOST IMP.
NITINOL IS Ni-Ti NAVAL ORD LABARATORY.

SHAPE MEMORY PROPERTY OF NITINOL WAS DISCOVERED BY ACCIDENT.
AT A LABORATORY MANAGEMENT MEETING, A

STRIP OF NITINOL WAS PRESENTED THAT WAS BENT OUT OF SHAPE MANY TIMES. ONE OF THE PEOPLE PRESENT, DR. DAVID S. MUZZEY, HEATED IT
WITH HIS PIPE LIGHTER, AND SURPRISINGLY, THE STRIP
STRETCHED BACK TO ITS ORIGINAL FORM.
THEORY BEHIND SMA

HOW DOES SMA REMEMBERS ITS SHAPE WAS THE
QUESTION AFTER ITS DISCOVERY. THIS OCCURS DUE TO SOLID STATE PHASE CHANGE. TYPICALLY WHEN ONE THINKS OF A PHASE CHANGE A SOLID TO LIQUID OR LIQUID TO GAS CHANGE IS THE FIRST IDEA THAT COMES TO MIND. A SOLID STATE PHASE CHANGE IS SIMILAR IN THAT A MOLECULAR REARRANGEMENT IS OCCURRING, BUT THE MOLECULES REMAIN CLOSELY PACKED SO THAT THE SUBSTANCE REMAINS A SOLID. PHASES INVOLVED ARE AUSTENITE AND
MARTENSITE.
THEORY BEHIND SMA

INVOLVES THE REARRANGEMENT OF THE POSITION
OF PARTICLES WITHIN THE CRYSTAL STRUCTURE OF THE SOLID.
TRANSITION TEMP OF THESE PHASES IS VERY LOW.

THE TRANSITION TEMPERATURE VARIES FOR DIFFERENT COMPOSITIONS FROM ABOUT -50 C TO 166 C.
BELOW TRANSITION TEMP IS MARTENSITE AND
ABOVE IT IS AUSTENITE.
IN THE MARTENSITE PHASE, NITINOL CAN BE BENT INTO VARIOUS SHAPES.
THEORY BEHIND SMA

TO FIX THE "PARENT SHAPE" (AS IT IS CALLED), THE METAL MUST BE HELD IN POSITION AND HEATED TO ABOUT 500 C. THE HIGH TEMPERATURE CAUSES THE ATOMS TO ARRANGE THEMSELVES INTO THE MOST COMPACT AND REGULAR PATTERN POSSIBLE RESULTING IN A RIGID CUBIC ARRANGEMENT KNOWN AS THE AUSTENITE PHASE.
ABOVE THE TRANSITION TEMPERATURE, NITINOL REVERTS FROM THE MARTENSITE TO THE AUSTENITE PHASE WHICH CHANGES IT BACK INTO ITS PARENT SHAPE. THIS CYCLE CAN BE REPEATED MILLIONS OF TIMES.
SHAPE MEMORY EFFECT
TRANSITION TEMP DEPENDS UPON THE COMPOSITION OF THE ALLOY.

THE TEMPERATURES AT WHICH EACH OF THESE PHASES BEGIN AND FINISH FORMING ARE REPRESENTED BY VARIABLES : MS, MF, AS, AF. MS & MF ARE START & FINISH TEMP OF AUSTENITE TO MARTENSITE TRANSFORMATION. AS, AF ARE START & FINISH TEMP OF MARTENSITE TO AUSTENITE TRANSFORMATION. WHEN THE ALLOY IS COOLED BELOW THE TRANSITION TEMP IT TAKES THE TWINNED MARTENSITE STRUCTURE.
SHAPE MEMORY EFFECT

HAS SAME SHAPE AND SIZE AS AUSTENITE SO NO
VISIBLE DIFFERENCE OBSERVED UNLESS ITS DEFORMED/LOADED WHEN DEFORMED IT TAKES THE DESIRED SHAPE IF ALLOY HEATED ABOVE TRANSITION TEMP;
TAKES THE PREVIOUS SHAPE IN AUSTENITE

STRUCTURE
SHAPE MEMORY EFFECT
SHAPE MEMORY EFFECT
SHAPE MEMORY EFFECT
PSEUDO-ELASTICITY
PSEUDO-ELASTICITY OCCURS IN SHAPE MEMORY
ALLOYS WHEN THE ALLOY IS COMPLETELY COMPOSED OF AUSTENITE.
UNLIKE THE SHAPE MEMORY EFFECT, PSEUDOELASTICITY OCCURS WITHOUT A CHANGE IN TEMPERATURE.
PSEUDO-ELASTICITY
THE LOAD ON THE SHAPE MEMORY ALLOY IS
INCREASED UNTIL THE AUSTENITE BECOMES TRANSFORMED INTO MARTENSITE SIMPLY DUE TO THE LOADING. THE LOADING IS ABSORBED BY THE SOFTER
MARTENSITE, BUT AS SOON AS THE LOADING IS

DECREASED THE MARTENSITE BEGINS TO TRANSFORM BACK TO AUSTENITE SINCE THE TEMPERATURE OF THE WIRE IS STILL ABOVE AF, AND THE WIRE SPRINGS BACK TO ITS ORIGINAL
SHAPE.
PSEUDO-ELASTICITY
Load Diagram of the pseudo-elastic effect Occurring
PSEUDO-ELASTICITY
APPLICATIONS OF SMA
AERONAUTICAL APPLICATIONS. AIRCRAFT MANEUVERABILITY DEPENDS
HEAVILY ON THE MOVEMENT OF FLAPS FOUND

AT THE REAR OR TRAILING EDGE OF THE WINGS. MOST AIRCRAFT IN THE AIR TODAY OPERATE THESE FLAPS USING EXTENSIVE HYDRAULIC
SYSTEMS. THIS COMPLEX SYSTEM OF PUMPS

AND LINES IS OFTEN RELATIVELY DIFFICULT AND COSTLY TO MAINTAIN.
APPLICATIONS OF SMA
AERONAUTICAL APPLICATIONS. THE SHAPE MEMORY WIRE IS USED TO MANIPULATE A FLEXIBLE WING SURFACE. THE SHAPE MEMORY EFFECT IS INDUCED IN THE WIRES SIMPLY BY HEATING THEM WITH AN ELECTRIC CURRENT, WHICH IS EASILY
SUPPLIED THROUGH ELECTRICAL WIRING,

ELIMINATING THE NEED FOR LARGE HYDRAULIC LINES.
APPLICATIONS OF SMA
Typical Wing and Flap
Hinge less shape memory alloy Flap
APPLICATIONS OF SMA
MEDICAL APPLICATIONS REPAIRING FRACTURES ORTHODONTIC TREATMENTS
TWEEZERS
MUSCLE WIRES IN ROBOTICS INDUSTRY FIRE SPRINKLERS
FUTURE APPLICATIONS
USE OF MECH ENERGY FROM SHAPE TRANSFORMATION IN CAR ENGINES ENGINE COOLING LUBRICATION CONTROL CONTROL OF RADIATOR BLIND
APPLICATIONS OF SMA
CONVENTIONAL BONE PLATE USED TO REPAIR JAW FRACTURE
TYPICAL OSTEOSYNTHESIS TOOLS
APPLICATIONS OF SMA
EVEN A BADLY FRACTURED FACE CAN BE RECONSTRUCTED USING BONE PLATES
APPLICATIONS OF SMA
USE OF SMA IN ROBOTICS INDUSTRY
APPLICATIONS OF SMA
CONCLUSION
USES & APPLICATION ENSURE BRIGHT FUTURE OF THESE ALLOYS RESEARCH AT ROBOTICS & MAT SC DEPARTMENTS ALL OVER THE WORLD INNOVATIVE IDEAS FOR USING SMA
USE OF SMA IN VAST NO OF FIELDS ENSURES IT

PROMISING FUTURE.

Shape Memory Alloys

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Shape Memory Alloys

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BY SYNDICATE NO 2

WHAT ARE SHAPE MEMORY ALLOYS.

PH 2 : THEORY BEHIND SMA.

PH 3 : SHAPE MEMORY EFFECT & PSEUDO-

METALS THAT REMEMBER ITS ORIGINAL SHAPE.

ARNE OLANDER FIRST OBSERVED THESE

THE 1960'S WERE ANY SERIOUS RESEARCH

NITINOL IS Ni-Ti NAVAL ORD LABARATORY.

AT A LABORATORY MANAGEMENT MEETING, A

WITH HIS PIPE LIGHTER, AND SURPRISINGLY, THE STRIP

STRETCHED BACK TO ITS ORIGINAL FORM.

THEORY BEHIND SMA

THEORY BEHIND SMA

TRANSITION TEMP OF THESE PHASES IS VERY LOW.

BELOW TRANSITION TEMP IS MARTENSITE AND

THEORY BEHIND SMA

SHAPE MEMORY EFFECT

TRANSITION TEMP DEPENDS UPON THE COMPOSITION OF THE ALLOY.

SHAPE MEMORY EFFECT

TAKES THE PREVIOUS SHAPE IN AUSTENITE

SHAPE MEMORY EFFECT

SHAPE MEMORY EFFECT

SHAPE MEMORY EFFECT

MARTENSITE, BUT AS SOON AS THE LOADING IS

Load Diagram of the pseudo-elastic effect Occurring

HEAVILY ON THE MOVEMENT OF FLAPS FOUND

SYSTEMS. THIS COMPLEX SYSTEM OF PUMPS

SUPPLIED THROUGH ELECTRICAL WIRING,

Typical Wing and Flap

Hinge less shape memory alloy Flap

MUSCLE WIRES IN ROBOTICS INDUSTRY FIRE SPRINKLERS

CONVENTIONAL BONE PLATE USED TO REPAIR JAW FRACTURE

TYPICAL OSTEOSYNTHESIS TOOLS

EVEN A BADLY FRACTURED FACE CAN BE RECONSTRUCTED USING BONE PLATES

USE OF SMA IN ROBOTICS INDUSTRY

USE OF SMA IN VAST NO OF FIELDS ENSURES IT

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