Is Limiters

Introduction to Is Limiters STEP Fault Limiting Scheme Tripping Criteria Blocking Logic Inter-tripping to Bus Section Breakers Interlocking Control Supply Is Limiter LV Compartment Alarm and Status Signals Testing Is Limiter Control Panel Is Limiter Simulation
Is Limiter Overview

INTRODUCTION to Is LIMITERS Is Limiters interrupts instantaneous fault current same as fuse but the tripping is initiated by an external circuit. The tripping of Is Limiters limits the prospective fault current by dividing the fault contributing sources.

It does not clear the fault. The fault is cleared by the protection device closest to the fault.
Is Limiter Overview

INTRODUCTION (Cont.)

Operation of Is Limiter

Is Limiter Overview

INTRODUCTION (Cont.)

Fault Current IEC Definitions

Is Limiter Overview

INTRODUCTION (Cont.)

Interrupting Devices

Circuit breakers Fuses Is Limiters

There are two differences between circuit breakers and fuses - One is that circuit breaker interrupts current at current zero while fuse interrupts the instantaneous current. - The second difference is that for operation of the circuit breaker it receives a command from an external control circuit. The Is limiter sits in between the two. Is limiter interrupts instantaneous fault same as fuse but needs an external circuit to initiate operation same as circuit breaker.
Is Limiter Overview

INTRODUCTION (Cont.)

Interrupting Device Ratings

Circuit Breaker Ratings: Breaking :

Making Short time rating Fuse Ratings: Cut off current Let through energy Is Limiter Ratings: Max short circuit current (initial symmetrical) Max rate of rise. For ACG limiters it is 44.429 kA/ms

Symmetrical Asymmetrical Zero crossing is required to interrupt current

All devices have continuous current and voltage rating

Is Limiter Overview

INTRODUCTION (Cont.)

Technical data
Rated Voltage 0,75 kV 12,00 kV 17,50 kV 24,00 kV 36,00 kV 40,50 kV Rated Current 1250 A - 5000 A 1250 A - 4000 A 1250 A - 4000 A 1250 A - 3000 A 1250 A - 2500 A 1250 A - 2500 A
For higher rated currents IS-limiters can be connected in parallel.

Switching Capability 140 kA RMS 210 kA RMS 210 kA RMS 140 kA RMS 140 kA RMS 140 kA RMS
.

Is Limiter Overview

INTRODUCTION (Cont.)

IS-limiter - Circuit Breaker

i Total operating time of the circuit breaker: T0 : Response time of the protection relay: T1 : Operating time of the protection relay: T2 : Operating time of the circuit breaker: T3 : Arc duration: 30 - 40 ms 30 - 40 ms 40 - 80 ms 10 - 20 ms

Total operating time of the ISlimiter: T : 5 - 10 ms

T0 T

T1

T2

T3

Is Limiter Overview

INTRODUCTION (Cont.)

Breaking of a short-circuit current with IS-limiter

i 126 kA
=

i = i1 + i2 without IS-limiter

T1

IK = 25 kA
=

T2

IK = 25 kA

i1

Ikperm. = 25 kA

i2

u
i = i1 + i2

63 kA i = i1 + i2 with IS-limiter i1

Single line diagram of a busbar system with IS-limiter

i2 t Current curve at the short-circuit location

Is Limiter Overview

INTRODUCTION (Cont.)

Detection of the Short-circuit current

i 1 1 Short-circuit current without IS -limiter 2 Short-circuit current IS-limiter tripped 3 Over current IS-limiter not tripped 4 Peak value of service current 3

ilimit ^ (di/dt)

(di dt ) 2
iLimit

(di dt ) 3

Is Limiter Overview

INTRODUCTION (Cont.)

Schedule for tripping of the Is-limiter

i
iC

T0: Reaching time for tripping criteria (instantaneous value and di/dt). T1: Response time of the electronic approx. 15 s T2: Time for opening the bursting bridge and for commutating the current to the fuse element approx. 85 s T3: Melting time of the fuse element approx. 500 s T4: Arc duration iA: Tripping criteria are reached (instantaneous value and di/dt). iB: Current at beginning of fuse element's melting iC: Let-through current

iB
iA

T0

T1 T2

T3

T4

Is Limiter Overview

STEP FAULT LIMITING SCHEME

An integrated scheme consisting of three Is limiters, summation CTs, and a logic control panel is provided to achieve a reliable operation of Is limiters when required and to block its operation to prevent unnecessary and spurious tripping. Summation CTs are installed in each of the generator incomers, the grid incomers and bus sections to monitor the actual fault currents. Current Limiting Reactor is provided at phase1 & phase2 Intertie to reduce the fault levels to within the Is Limiters and Shah Deniz 11kV fuses breaking capacity.

Is Limiter Overview

TRIPPING CRITERIA
Is Limiter must prevent short circuit currents exceeding the permissible values as below: - Breaking current of 50kA - Peak Short circuit Current of 158kA - Initial Symmetrical Short circuit current of 58kA. The tripping criteria is based on total summation fault current and the current through the Is limiter. If both these values exceed the preset value the Is limiter will trip. Tripping
of the Is Limiter is also dependent on the direction of current.

The tripping values for the summation current and the current through the Is limiter are 7kA and 42kA respectively. These values are factory set and cannot be changed by the operator on site. Is Limiter Overview

BLOCKING LOGIC
The operation of the Is limiters is not activated for the following: - To prevent unnecessary operation of more than one Is limiter for the same fault.

- To prevent operation of Is limiters for external grid fault.

- To prevent operation if the summation current does not exceed the tripping value.

Is Limiter Overview

INTER-TRIPPING TO BUS SECTION BREAKERS

The Is Limiter operates independently for each phase. If the tripping values for one phase are exceeded the Is Limiter for that phase only will trip. If the tripping values for two phases are exceeded the Is Limiters for those phases will trip.
For three phase isolation intertripping is provided such that tripping of the Is Limiter will trip the associated bus section breaker. The tripping values of the Is Limiters are set such the circuit breaker interrupting capacity is not exceeded.
Is Limiter Overview

INTERLOCKING A solenoid operated Interlocking is provided such that the Is Limiter truck cannot be inserted or withdrawn unless both sides of the Is limiter are de-energised. In addition interlocking is provided such that the associated bus section breaker cannot be closed unless the Is Limiter is ready for operation.

Is Limiter Overview

CONTROL SUPPLY
For high reliability two 110V AC supplies: - The main power supply via voltage transformer (VT) - The Secondary power supply from UPS These two power supplies are provided with an auto changeover scheme. Normal operation will be with the power supply from the voltage transformer. Upon loss of mains power the auxiliary supply will be switched to UPS. Similarly upon restoration of main power the auxiliary supply will be switched back the voltage transformer.

Is Limiter Overview

IS LIMITER LV COMPARTMENT ALARM AND STATUS SIGNALS

Alarm and status signals are sent to PMS, logic control panel and to the associated bus section breaker. The followings are the interface between Compartment and Logic Control Panel: - Is Limiter Blocking - Is Limiter Deactivation of Tripping Criteria - Tripping Criteria Status - Is Limiter Blocked - Is Limiter Tripped - Is Limiter Ready LV

Is Limiter Overview

TESTING The testing of the trip values will normally be carried out by specialist engineer using vendor supplied test inserts and testing equipment. Refer to acceptance test procedure, vendor document reference PTCS01A-H0191.

Is Limiter Overview

IS LIMITER CONTROL PANEL

A logic control panel is provided to implement the matrix logic. In order to achieve high reliability the matrix logic is implemented both by using hard wired control relay and a PLC. If there is any discrepancy between the hard wired logic and the PLC logic an alarm is raised.

The control panel consists of hard wired logic and the supervisory PLC. The PLC has dual redundant processors running in synchronism with bumpless transfer from the primary processor to the secondary processor.
Is Limiter Overview

IS LIMITER CONTROL PANEL (Cont)

In-Service/Overide Selection: - For a fault on each Is limiter an alarm is received from the Is Limiter cubicle to the control panel. The operator can take the faulty Is Limiter out of service without affecting the operation of other Is Limiters. A key operated in-service/over-ride switch is provided for this for each Is Limiter. Alarms: - PLC Watchdog Fault - Incorrect activation/blocking criteria outputs from hardwired control section
Is Limiter Overview

IS LIMITER CONTROL PANEL (Cont)

- Discrepancy check of main generator/grid circuit breaker status signals Discrepancy between verified IS Limiter activation/blocking status and outputs from the hardwired relay logic - Common fault including control supply fault of Is Limiter fault to PMS - Is Limiter Control Panel fault to PMS -Common alarm to the ICSS for any alarm present in the logic control panel including the Is Limiter fault alarms. Control Supply - Dual UPS supplies with auto changeover.
Is Limiter Overview

IS LIMITER SIMULATION
The IS limiters is simulated in a spreadsheet for a 3phase fault at any 11kV busbar, with the system in any operating configuration. This will also check the Is limiter blocking or activation of selectivity criteria, dependent on the number of main generators/grids supplies connected to the 11kV system. The fault currents are calculated with IS limiter operation and also ignoring Is limiter operation in accordance with BS-EN 60909-0:2001.

Is Limiter Overview