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KCL KVL

This document provides an overview of Kirchhoff's current law (KCL) and Kirchhoff's voltage law (KVL), which are fundamental circuit analysis laws. KCL states that the algebraic sum of currents in a network node is zero. It is expressed as the equation Σi = 0, where i represents the currents entering or leaving the node. KVL states that the algebraic sum of voltages around any closed loop in a circuit is zero. It is expressed as the equation ΣV = 0, where V represents the voltages around the loop. Examples are provided to demonstrate applying KCL and KVL to solve for unknown currents and voltages in circuits. The document also notes that these laws can be applied to any

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108 views

KCL KVL

This document provides an overview of Kirchhoff's current law (KCL) and Kirchhoff's voltage law (KVL), which are fundamental circuit analysis laws. KCL states that the algebraic sum of currents in a network node is zero. It is expressed as the equation Σi = 0, where i represents the currents entering or leaving the node. KVL states that the algebraic sum of voltages around any closed loop in a circuit is zero. It is expressed as the equation ΣV = 0, where V represents the voltages around the loop. Examples are provided to demonstrate applying KCL and KVL to solve for unknown currents and voltages in circuits. The document also notes that these laws can be applied to any

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Kirchhofs current law (KCL) Kirchhofs voltage law (KVL)

DEPARTEMEN TEKNIK ELEKTRO FTUI


1

Network Topology
An interconnected set of electrical
components is called a network.
Each component of a network is called an element. Elements are connected by wires.

Nodes and Branches


The interconnections between wires are called nodes. The wire paths between nodes are called branches.
branches nodes

Nodes Connected by Wires Only


Two or more nodes connected just by wires can be considered as one single node.
A single node One big node

Group of nodes connected One big node only by wires

This network as three nodes


4

Current Flow
Current can flow through the branches of a network.

The direction of current flow is indicated by an arrow.

+ _

Note: The voltage sources in the network drive the flow of current through its branches.
5

Every Current has a Value and a Direction


The direction is defined by the person drawing the network. The value is determined by the properties of the circuit.

i1

_ + _ + Example:

The arrow above defines positive current flow i1 as downward in branch A. Suppose that 4 mA of current flows physically downward in branch A. Then i1 = 4 mA.

Converse:
Suppose that 4 mA of current flows physically upward in branch A. Then i1 = 4 mA.
6

Kirchhoffs Current Law


The sum of currents flowing into a node must be balanced by the sum of currents flowing out of the node.
i1
node

i2

i3

Gustav Kirchoff
was an 18th century German mathematician

i1 flows into the node i2 flows out of the node i3 flows out of the node i1 = i2 + i3

i 0
(1.2)
7

Kirchhoffs Current Law:


i1 = i2 + i3

This equation can also be written in the following form:


i1 i2 i3 = 0

i1

node i2 i3

A formal statement of Kirchhoffs Current Law:

The sum of all the currents entering a node is zero.


(i2 and i3 leave the node, hence currents i2 and i3 enter the node.)
8

Example 1: Kirchhoffs Current Law:


Q: A: How much is the current Io ?

io = 2.5 mA + 4 mA = 6.5 mA
2.5 mA

4 mA

io

i4

i2

i3

The dotted circle is a node with 2.5 mA entering Hence i2 = 2.5 mA exits the node. Similarly, i3 = 4 mA. From KCL, i4 = i2 + i3 = 6.5 mA, and Io = i4

Example 2: Kirchhoffs Current Law:


Q: A: How much are the currents i1 and i2 ? i2 = 10 mA 3 mA = 7 mA i1 = 10 mA + 4 mA = 14 mA

10 mA
i1 + _ 4 mA 3 mA

node i2

4 mA + 3 mA + 7 mA = 14 mA

10

Sometimes Kirchhoffs Current Law is abbreviated just by

KCL
Review: Different ways to state KCL: The sum of all currents entering a node must be zero. The net current entering a node must be zero. Whatever flows into a node must come out.

more to follow

11

General View of Networks


A network is an interconnection of elements via nodes and branches There are many kinds of networks: Elements Network Connection Paths

Electrical components
Computers Organs

Circuit
Internet Circulatory System

Wires
Fiber Optics Blood Vessels

Kirchoffs Current Law applies to all these kinds of networks!


12

Kirchhoffs Current Law applies to all types of networks

Fiber optic network (I is light intensity)

I1

I1

I2

KCL for light:


I1 = I2 + I3

I3
13

Kirchhoffs Current Law applies to all types of networks

Human Blood Vessels (f is blood flow rate)

f1

Organ

f2

f1

KCL for blood flow:


f1 = f2 + f3

f3

14

Voltage
Voltages are measured across the branches of a network, from one node to another. The direction of a voltage is indicated by + and signs.

+
+ v1

v2
+ v3 + v4

+ _

Remember: The voltage sources in the network drive the flow of current through the branches.
15

Every Voltage has a Value and a Polarity


The polarity is defined by the person drawing the network. The value is determined by the properties of the circuit.

_ + _ + Example:

v3

The plus and minus signs above define the polarity of v3 as positive from node 1 to node 2. Suppose that +5 V appears physically from node 1 to node 2 . Then

v3 = 5 V. v3 = 5 V.
16

Converse:
Suppose that +5 V appears physically from node 2 to node 1 . Then

Kirchhoffs Voltage Law


The voltage measured between any two nodes does not depend of the path taken.
voltage

v2 + v3

voltage

+ v1

+ _

voltage

+ v4

Example of KVL: Similarly: and:

v1 = v2 + v3 v1 = v2 + v4 v3 = v4
17

Kirchhoffs Voltage Law: v1 = v2 + v3 This equation can also be written in the following form:
v1 + v2 + v3 = 0

(1.3)

+ v1

+ v2

+ _

+ v3

+ v4

A formal statement of Kirchhoffs Voltage Law:

The sum of voltages around a closed loop is zero.


18

Using the Formal Definition of KVL


The sum of voltages around a closed loop is zero.

Define an arrow direction around a closed loop.


Sum the voltages as the are encountered in going around the loop. If the arrow first encounters a plus sign, enter that voltage with a (+) into the KVL equation. If the arrow first encounters a minus sign, enter that voltage with a () into the KVL equation.

+ + v1

v2 + v3 + v4

+ _

For the arrow shown above: For the outer arrow:

v1 + v2 + v3 = 0 v4 v2 + v1 = 0

19

Example 1: Kirchhoffs Voltage Law:


Q:
A:

How much is the voltage Vo ?


Vo = 3.1 V + 6.8 V

+ 3.1V + _ Vo + 6.8 V + v4 _

Q:

How much is the voltage v4 ?

A: v4 = 6.8 V
20

Example 2: Kirchhoffs Voltage Law:


Q: If v1 = 10 V and v5 = 2 V, what are v2, v3, and v4? A: v2 = 10 V v3 = 10 V 2 V = 8 V v4 = 2 V
+ v3

+ v1 = 10 V

+ _

+ v2

+ v4

+ v5= 2 V

21

Hitunglah banyaknya cabang dan node pada rangkaian ini. Jika Ix = 3 A dan sumber 18 V mengalirkan arus sebesar 8 A berapakah nilai RA dan Vx 13 A
5
DC

18V

RA

DC

VX

IX

2A

10

Carilah Vx dan Ix
DC

30V

VX

IX

22

Carilah X dan Y jika sumber 5 A menyuplai daya sebesar 100 W dan sumber 40 V menyuplai daya 500 W
100V X
DC

5A

40V

DC

6A

23

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