The document discusses the design of storage tanks and distillation columns. It provides details on:
1) Factors to consider in storage tank design such as the volatility and corrosiveness of stored liquids.
2) The main types of storage tanks - atmospheric and pressurized tanks - and their design requirements including dimensions, materials and operating conditions.
3) Design of distillation columns including determining the optimal number of stages and operating conditions based on component properties.
The document discusses the design of storage tanks and distillation columns. It provides details on:
1) Factors to consider in storage tank design such as the volatility and corrosiveness of stored liquids.
2) The main types of storage tanks - atmospheric and pressurized tanks - and their design requirements including dimensions, materials and operating conditions.
3) Design of distillation columns including determining the optimal number of stages and operating conditions based on component properties.
The document discusses the design of storage tanks and distillation columns. It provides details on:
1) Factors to consider in storage tank design such as the volatility and corrosiveness of stored liquids.
2) The main types of storage tanks - atmospheric and pressurized tanks - and their design requirements including dimensions, materials and operating conditions.
3) Design of distillation columns including determining the optimal number of stages and operating conditions based on component properties.
The document discusses the design of storage tanks and distillation columns. It provides details on:
1) Factors to consider in storage tank design such as the volatility and corrosiveness of stored liquids.
2) The main types of storage tanks - atmospheric and pressurized tanks - and their design requirements including dimensions, materials and operating conditions.
3) Design of distillation columns including determining the optimal number of stages and operating conditions based on component properties.
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PROCESS EQUIPMENT DESIGN
II. DESIGN OF STORAGE TANK
Focus on: liquid material storage tank
Important physical properties of liquid to take into account in storage tank design: - Volatility, i.e.: non-volatile liquid (Tb > Tb water), volatile liquid (Tb < Tb water), more volatile liquid (condensed gases)
Volatility of liquid can be known from Antoine equation This property will determine operating conditions including temperature (T) and pressure (P)
Important physical property of liquid: - Corrosion capacity: The ability of liquid material to cause corrosion The materials are divided: corrosive (easy to cause corrosion); non-corrosive (hard to cause corrosion)
This property will determine types of material construction of tank
Types of Storage Tank Based on operating pressure (P): 1. Atmospheric tank (vertical cylindrical tank): to keep non-volatile materials as well as volatile ones at atmospheric pressure,
2. Pressured tank (vessel): to keep more-volatile materials at P > 1 atm
Design of Atmospheric Tank Designed items include: - Operating conditions (P, T) - Main dimensions: height (H), diameter (D), thickness of shell plate (t s ), thickness of roof/head plate (t h ), thickness of bottom plate (t b ) Design of Atmospheric Tank Operating Conditions .. Pressure: As its name the operating pressure (P) = atmospheric (1 atm)
Temperature: - Environment temperature (for non-volatile &volatile materials having boiling points above or same as the environment temperature) - Boiling point (for volatile materials having boiling points below the environment temperature)
If operating T is below the environment temperature, to minimize evaporation due to heat transfer from the environment: the tank is insulated; if not enough, the tank is equipped with refrigeration system
Design of Atmospheric Tank Operating Conditions ..
If the liquid material consists of several liquid components or a liquid mixture and is considered as an ideal solution, the boiling point of the liquid mixture can be determined from bubble point equation, as follows:
where y, x = mole fractions in vapor and liquid phases, respectively K = equilibrium constant
= = 1 . i i i x K y P P K o i i = Design of Atmospheric Tank Tank Dimensions ..
Design equation of tank volume:
V = volume of tank = design capacity Vf = volume of liquid material that will be stored .. = over design (20-40%) H D V V f 2 4 ,.... 1 t = = Design of Atmospheric Tank Tank Dimensions .. D / H optimum = yielding minimum annual cost Small tank:
Criteria of small tank: - If the value D*(H 1) s 1720 (for butt welded shell) - If the value D*(H 1) s 1515 (for lap welded shell) - Diameter of tank s 45 ft - Thickness of shell plate s in - Volume of tank s 71.534 ft 3 5 4 3 2 1 2 c c c c c H D + + + = Design of Atmospheric Tank Tank Dimensions .. D / H optimum Large tank:
c1 = annual cost of fabricated shell, cost/area or mass c2 = annual cost of fabricated bottom, cost/area or mass c3 = annual cost of fabricated roof, cost/area or mass c4 = annual cost of foundation, cost/area or mass c5 = annual cost of land, cost/area or mass
5 4 3 2 1 4 c c c c c H D + + + = Design of Atmospheric Tank Tank Dimensions .. Thickness of shell plate:
D = diameter of tank q = joint/welding efficiency o = strength of material construction c = corrosion allowable = 0,125 in
P is usually approached with hydrostatic pressure at 1 ft above tank bottom, P = . g/gc. (H 1)
c D P t s + = max min , . . 2 . o q Design of Atmospheric Tank Tank Dimensions ..
Thickness of bottom plate:
D = diameter of tank q = joint/welding efficiency o = strength of material construction c = corrosion allowable = 0,125 in
c D H t s + = max min , . . 2 . . o q
Design of Atmospheric Tank
Tank Dimensions .. Thickness of roof plate:
D = diameter of tank q = joint/welding efficiency o = strength of material construction c = corrosion allowable = 0,125 in = slope angle of roof P = design pressure = 1,. x operating P (atmospheric)
c D P t s + = cos . . . 2 . max min , o q Design of Atmospheric Tank Tank Dimensions .. Standard plate thickness:
Design of Pressured Tank (Vessel) Operating Conditions (P, T)
Vessel is used to especially store more volatile materials where in normal (surrounding) conditions they exist in the state of gas. To ensure the materials are kept in liquid phase, the operating pressure must be high, and the operating temperature is maximum at its boiling point
In conclusion, P operation > atmospheric T operation <= T boiling point
Design of Pressured Tank (Vessel) For elliptical dished head 2:1, volume of vessel:
V = design capacity = volume of tank Vf = volume of liquid material to be kept D = diameter of tank L = length of tank
3 2 12 4 ,... 1 D L D Vf V t t + = = Design of Pressured Tank (Vessel) Main Dimensions (L/D) optimum For ts 2, L/D = 6
For ts > 2, L/D = 8
Perancangan Menara Distilasi Dari jumlah stage: - 1 stage: flash distillation, untuk memisahkan komponen2 yang beda tingkat volatilitasnya tinggi, biasanya di awal
- Cascade distillation: multi stage distillation
Dari kontinyuitas proses: - Distilasi batch - Distilasi kontinyu
Perancangan Flash Distillation Pers. Perancangan:
Atau:
| . |
\ | + = = L V K z F L L i i i 1 .
| . |
\ | + = = V L K z F V V i i i 1 1 . Perancangan Flash Distillation Prinsip2 Perancangan: - Jika P, T dirancang, maka V, L dan komposisi masing- masing terhitung - Jika P dan salah satu hasil dirancang, maka T dan hasil lain terhitung - Jika T dan salah satu hasil dirancang, maka P dan hasil lain terhitung Perancangan Cascade Distillaion Jumlah sequence:
Sequence optimum:
( ) | | ( ).! 1 !. .! 1 2
= N N N Ns ( ) 1 + = o Rf F D V Perancangan Cascade Distillation Sequence optimum cara empirik: - Pasangan komponen yang mempunyai relative volatility kecil (mendekati 1) atau azeotrop dipisahkan terakhir, atau komponen yang memp. relative volatility terbesar dipisahkan dulu - Komponen paling ringan dipisahkan dulu - Komponen yang paling banyak jumlahnya di umpan, dipisahkan dulu - Diusahakan pemisahan menghasilkan near-equimolar split
Perancangan Cascade Distillation Perancangan distribusi komponen - Komponen kunci: light component (LK), heavy component (HK), komponen yan menjadi target pemisaan - Distributed component: ada di hasil atas maupun bawah - Non-distributed component: hanya ada di salah satu hasil
Perancangan Cascade Distillation Perancangan Kondisi Operasi Kondisi Operasi Atas Memperhatikan hal-hal berikut: - Data kondisi kritis (terutama suhu kritis dan tekanan kritis)
Suhu operasi atas MD sebisa mungkin << Tk,camp, agar uap mudah diembunkan - Sifat azeotropis campuran Komposisi hasil tidak boleh melebihi komposisi azeotropisnya
= i k i camp k T x T , , . Perancangan Cascade Distillation Perancangan Kondisi Operasi Kondisi Operasi Atas Memperhatikan hal-hal berikut: - Site plant condition (kondisi utilitas pendingin sekitar pabrik)
approach cm top T T T A + = Perancangan Cascade Distillation Perancangan Kondisi Operasi Kondisi Operasi Atas Diusahakan sebisa mungkin menggunakan kondenser total
Kondenser Total: Jika T operasi atas MD dirancang, maka P operasi dihitung: - Dengan pers. Raoult - Dengan pers. bubble point
Jika P operasi atas MD dirancang, maka T operasi dihitung: - Dengan pers. bubble point
= = 1 . i i i x K y Perancangan Cascade Distillation Perancangan Kondisi Operasi Kondisi Operasi Atas Jika kondenser parsial: Jika T operasi atas MD dirancang, maka P operasi dihitung: - Dengan pers. dew point
Jika P operasi atas MD dirancang, maka T operasi dihitung: - Dengan pers. dew point
= = 1 / i i K yi x Perancangan Cascade Distillation Perancangan Kondisi Operasi Kondisi Operasi Bawah Jika kondisi operasi atas sudah dirancang, P operasi bawah dapat ditentukan dari: - Asumsi P sepanjang menara tetap atau tidak ada pressure drop - Jika ada pressure drop, maka P bottom = P top + pressure drop (tekanan bawah > tekanan atas)
T bottom dihitung dengan pers. bubble point Pada prinsipnya perancangan kondisi operasi MD juga bisa dimulai dari bagian bottom MD, baru top MD
