VECTOR MECHANICS FOR ENGINEERS:

DYNAMICS
Ninth Edition
Ferdinand P. Beer
E. Russell Johnston, Jr.

Lecture Notes:
J. Walt Oler
Texas Tech University
CHAPTER
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13
Kinetics of Particles:
Impulse & Momentum
Methods
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Contents
13 - 2
Principle of Impulse and Momentum
Impulsive Motion
Sample Problem 13.10
Sample Problem 13.11
Sample Problem 13.12
Impact
Direct Central Impact
Oblique Central Impact
Problems Involving Energy and
Momentum
Sample Problem 13.14
Sample Problem 13.15
Sample Problems 13.16
Sample Problem 13.17
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Principle of Impulse and Momentum
13 - 3
From Newtons second law,
( ) = = v m v m
dt
d
F

linear momentum
2 2 1 1
2 1
force the of impulse
2
1
v m v m
F dt F
t
t


= +
= =

}
Imp
Imp
The final momentum of the particle can be
obtained by adding vectorially its initial
momentum and the impulse of the force during
the time interval.
( )
1 2
2
1
v m v m dt F
v m d dt F
t
t

=
=
}
Dimensions of the impulse of
a force are
force*time.
Units for the impulse of a
force are
( ) s m kg s s m kg s N
2
= =
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Impulsive Motion
13 - 4
Force acting on a particle during a very short
time interval that is large enough to cause a
significant change in momentum is called an
impulsive force.
When impulsive forces act on a particle,
2 1
v m t F v m

= A +

When a baseball is struck by a bat, contact
occurs over a short time interval but force is
large enough to change sense of ball motion.
Nonimpulsive forces are forces for which
is small and therefore, may be
neglected.
t FA

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Sample Problem 13.10
13 - 5
An automobile weighing 1800 kg is
driven down a 5
o
incline at a speed of
100 km/h when the brakes are applied,
causing a constant total braking force of
7000 N.
Determine the time required for the
automobile to come to a stop.
SOLUTION:
Apply the principle of impulse and
momentum. The impulse is equal to the
product of the constant forces and the
time interval.
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Sample Problem 13.10
13 - 6
SOLUTION:
Apply the principle of impulse and
momentum.
2 2 1 1
v m v m

= +


Imp
Taking components parallel to the
incline,
( )
( )( ) ( ) ( ) 0 N 7000 N 5 sin 17660 m/s 7.78 2 kg 1800
m 78 . 27
h 1
s 3600
km 1
m 1000
100 km/h 100
0 5 sin
1
= +
= =
= +
t t
Ft t mg mv
s 16 . 9 = t
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Sample Problem 13.11
13 - 7
A 120-g baseball is pitched with a
velocity of 24 m/s. After the ball is hit
by the bat, it has a velocity of 36 m/s in
the direction shown. If the bat and ball
are in contact for 0.015 s, determine the
average impulsive force exerted on the
ball during the impact.
SOLUTION:
Apply the principle of impulse and
momentum in terms of horizontal and
vertical component equations.
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Sample Problem 13.11
13 - 8
SOLUTION:
Apply the principle of impulse and momentum in
terms of horizontal and vertical component equations.
2 2 1 1
v m v m

= +

Imp
x component equation:
( )( ) ( ) ( )( )
N 6 . 412
40 cos 6m/s 3 kg 12 . 0 s 015 . 0 m/s 24 kg 12 . 0
40 cos
2 1
=
= +
= A +
x
x
x
F
F
mv t F mv
y component equation:
( ) ( )( )
N 1 . 185
40 sin 6m/s 3 kg 12 . 0 015 . 0
40 sin 0
2
=
=
= A +
y
y
y
F
F
mv t F
N 452 F =
x
y
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Sample Problem 13.12
13 - 9
A 10-kg package drops from a chute
into a 25-kg cart with a velocity of 3
m/s. Knowing that the cart is initially at
rest and can roll freely, determine (a)
the final velocity of the cart, (b) the
impulse exerted by the cart on the
package, and (c) the fraction of the
initial energy lost in the impact.
SOLUTION:
Apply the principle of impulse and
momentum to the package-cart system
to determine the final velocity.
Apply the same principle to the package
alone to determine the impulse exerted
on it from the change in its momentum.
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Sample Problem 13.12
13 - 10
SOLUTION:
Apply the principle of impulse and momentum to the package-cart
system to determine the final velocity.
( )
2 2 1 1
v m m v m
c p p

+ = +


Imp
x
y
x components: ( )
( )( ) ( )
2
2 1
kg 25 kg 10 30 cos m/s 3 kg 10
0 30 cos
v
v m m v m
c p p
+ =
+ = +
m/s 742 . 0
2
= v
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Sample Problem 13.12
13 - 11
Apply the same principle to the package alone to determine the impulse
exerted on it from the change in its momentum.
x
y
2 2 1 1
v m v m
p p

= +


Imp
x components:
( )( ) ( )
2
2 1
kg 10 30 cos m/s 3 kg 10
30 cos
v t F
v m t F v m
x
p x p
= A +
= A +
s N 56 . 18 = At F
x
y components:
( )( ) 0 30 sin m/s 3 kg 10
0 30 sin
1
= A +
= A +
t F
t F v m
y
y p
s N 15 = At F
y
( ) ( ) s N 9 . 23 s N 5 1 s N 56 . 18
2 1
= A + = A =

t F j i t F

Imp
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Sample Problem 13.12
13 - 12
To determine the fraction of energy lost,
( )( )
( ) ( )( ) J 63 . 9 s m 742 . 0 kg 25 kg 10
J 45 s m 3 kg 10
2
2
1
2
2
2
1
1
2
2
1
2
1
2
1
1
= + = + =
= = =
v m m T
v m T
c p
p
786 . 0
J 45
J 9.63 J 45
1
2 1
=

T
T T
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Impact
13 - 13
Impact: Collision between two bodies which
occurs during a small time interval and during
which the bodies exert large forces on each other.
Line of Impact: Common normal to the surfaces
in contact during impact.
Central Impact: Impact for which the mass
centers of the two bodies lie on the line of impact;
otherwise, it is an eccentric impact..
Direct Central Impact
Direct Impact: Impact for which the velocities of
the two bodies are directed along the line of
impact.
Oblique Central Impact
Oblique Impact: Impact for which one or both of
the bodies move along a line other than the line of
impact.
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Direct Central Impact
13 - 14
Bodies moving in the same straight line,
v
A
>

v
B
.
Upon impact the bodies undergo a
period of deformation, at the end of which,
they are in contact and moving at a
common velocity.
A period of restitution follows during
which the bodies either regain their
original shape or remain permanently
deformed.
Wish to determine the final velocities of the
two bodies. The total momentum of the
two body system is preserved,
B B B B B B A A
v m v m v m v m
'
+
'
= +
A second relation between the final
velocities is required.
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Direct Central Impact
13 - 15
Period of deformation: u m Pdt v m
A A A
=
}
Period of restitution:
A A A
v m Rdt u m
'
=
}
1 0 s s

'

= =
=
}
}
e
u v
v u
Pdt
Rdt
n restitutio of t coefficien e
A
A
A similar analysis of particle B yields
B
B
v u
u v
e

'
=
Combining the relations leads to the desired
second relation between the final velocities.
( )
B A A B
v v e v v =
'

'
Perfectly plastic impact, e = 0: v v v
A B
'
=
'
=
' ( )v m m v m v m
B A B B A A
'
+ = +
Perfectly elastic impact, e = 1:
Total energy and total momentum conserved.
B A A B
v v v v =
'

'
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Oblique Central Impact
13 - 16
Final velocities are
unknown in magnitude
and direction. Four
equations are required.
No tangential impulse component;
tangential component of momentum
for each particle is conserved.
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
t
B
t
B
t
A
t
A
v v v v
'
=
'
=
Normal component of total
momentum of the two particles is
conserved.
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
n
B B
n
A A
n
B B
n
A A
v m v m v m v m
'
+
'
= +
Normal components of relative
velocities before and after impact
are related by the coefficient of
restitution.
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) | |
n
B
n
A
n
A
n
B
v v e v v =
'

'
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Oblique Central Impact
13 - 17
Block constrained to move along horizontal
surface.
Impulses from internal forces
along the n axis and from external force
exerted by horizontal surface and directed
along the vertical to the surface.
F F

and
ext
F

Final velocity of ball unknown in direction and

magnitude and unknown final block velocity
magnitude. Three equations required.
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Oblique Central Impact
13 - 18
Tangential momentum of ball is
conserved.
( ) ( )
t
B
t
B
v v
'
=
Total horizontal momentum of block
and ball is conserved.
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
x
B B A A
x
B B A A
v m v m v m v m
'
+
'
= +
Normal component of relative
velocities of block and ball are related
by coefficient of restitution.
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) | |
n
B
n
A
n
A
n
B
v v e v v =
'

'
Note: Validity of last expression does not follow from previous relation for
the coefficient of restitution. A similar but separate derivation is required.
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Problems Involving Energy and Momentum
13 - 19
Three methods for the analysis of kinetics problems:
- Direct application of Newtons second law
- Method of work and energy
- Method of impulse and momentum
Select the method best suited for the problem or part of a problem
under consideration.
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Sample Problem 13.14
13 - 20
A ball is thrown against a frictionless,
vertical wall. Immediately before the
ball strikes the wall, its velocity has a
magnitude v and forms angle of 30
o

with the horizontal. Knowing that
e = 0.90, determine the magnitude and
direction of the velocity of the ball as
it rebounds from the wall.
SOLUTION:
Resolve ball velocity into components
normal and tangential to wall.
Impulse exerted by the wall is normal
to the wall. Component of ball
momentum tangential to wall is
conserved.
Assume that the wall has infinite mass
so that wall velocity before and after
impact is zero. Apply coefficient of
restitution relation to find change in
normal relative velocity between wall
and ball, i.e., the normal ball velocity.
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Sample Problem 13.14
13 - 21
Component of ball momentum tangential to wall is conserved.
v v v
t t
500 . 0 = = '
Apply coefficient of restitution relation with zero wall
velocity.
( )
( ) v v v
v e v
n
n n
779 . 0 866 . 0 9 . 0
0 0
= = '
= '
SOLUTION:
Resolve ball velocity into components parallel and
perpendicular to wall.
v v v v v v
t n
500 . 0 30 sin 866 . 0 30 cos = = = =
n
t
=
|
.
|

\
|
= '
+ = '

7 . 32
500 . 0
779 . 0
tan 926 . 0
500 . 0 779 . 0
1
v v
v v v
t n

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Sample Problem 13.15
13 - 22
The magnitude and direction of the
velocities of two identical
frictionless balls before they strike
each other are as shown. Assuming
e = 0.9, determine the magnitude
and direction of the velocity of each
ball after the impact.
SOLUTION:
Resolve the ball velocities into components
normal and tangential to the contact plane.
Tangential component of momentum for
each ball is conserved.
Total normal component of the momentum
of the two ball system is conserved.
The normal relative velocities of the
balls are related by the coefficient of
restitution.
Solve the last two equations simultaneously
for the normal velocities of the balls after
the impact.
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Sample Problem 13.15
13 - 23
Tangential component of momentum for each ball is
conserved.
( ) ( ) s m 5 . 4 = = '
t A t A
v v
( ) ( ) s m 39 . 10 = = '
t B t B
v v
Total normal component of the momentum of the two
ball system is conserved.
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
( ) ( ) 79 . 1
6 79 . 7
=
'
+
'
'
+
'
= +
'
+
'
= +
n B n A
n B n A
n B B n A A n B B n A A
v v
v m v m m m
v m v m v m v m
SOLUTION:
Resolve the ball velocities into components normal and
tangential to the contact plane.
( ) s m 79 . 7 30 cos = =
A n A
v v ( ) s m 5 . 4 30 sin = =
A t A
v v
( ) s m 6 60 cos = =
B n B
v v ( ) s m 39 . 10 60 sin = =
B t B
v v
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Sample Problem 13.15
13 - 24
=
|
.
|

\
|
= '
+ = '
=
|
.
|

\
|
= '
+ = '

6 . 55
1 . 7
39 . 10
tan s m 58 . 12
39 . 10 1 . 7
3 . 40
31 . 5
5 . 4
tan s m 1 . 7
5 . 4 31 . 5
1
1
B
n t B
A
n t A
v
v
v
v

t
n
The normal relative velocities of the balls are related by the
coefficient of restitution.
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) | |
( ) | | 41 . 12 6 79 . 7 90 . 0 = =
=
'

'
n B n A n B n A
v v e v v
Solve the last two equations simultaneously for the normal
velocities of the balls after the impact.
( ) s m 31 . 5 = '
n A
v
( ) s m 1 . 7 = '
n B
v
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Sample Problem 13.16
13 - 25
Ball B is hanging from an inextensible
cord. An identical ball A is released
from rest when it is just touching the
cord and acquires a velocity v
0
before
striking ball B. Assuming perfectly
elastic impact (e = 1) and no friction,
determine the velocity of each ball
immediately after impact.
SOLUTION:
Determine orientation of impact line of
action.
The momentum component of ball A
tangential to the contact plane is
conserved.
The total horizontal momentum of the
two ball system is conserved.
The relative velocities along the line of
action before and after the impact are
related by the coefficient of restitution.
Solve the last two expressions for the
velocity of ball A along the line of action
and the velocity of ball B which is
horizontal.
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Sample Problem 13.16
13 - 26
SOLUTION:
Determine orientation of impact line of action.
=
= =
30
5 . 0
2
sin
u
u
r
r
The momentum component of ball A
tangential to the contact plane is
conserved.
( )
( )
0
0
5 . 0
0 30 sin
v v
v m mv
v m t F v m
t
A
t
A
A A
= '
' = +
' = A +

The total horizontal (x component)

momentum of the two ball system is
conserved.
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
( )
0
0
433 . 0 5 . 0
30 sin 30 cos 5 . 0 0
30 sin 30 cos 0
v v v
v v v
v m v m v m
v m v m t T v m
B
n
A
B
n
A
B
n
A
t
A
B A A
= ' + '
' ' =
' ' ' =
' + ' = A +

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Sample Problem 13.16
13 - 27
The relative velocities along the line of action before
and after the impact are related by the coefficient of
restitution.
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) | |
( )
( )
0
0
866 . 0 5 . 0
0 30 cos 30 sin
v v v
v v v
v v e v v
n
A B
n
A B
n
B
n
A
n
A
n
B
= ' '
= ' '
= ' '
Solve the last two expressions for the velocity of ball
A along the line of action and the velocity of ball B
which is horizontal.
( )
0 0
693 . 0 520 . 0 v v v v
B
n
A
= ' = '
= '
= =
=
|
.
|

\
|
= = '
= '

0
1
0
0 0
693 . 0
1 . 16 30 1 . 46
1 . 46
5 . 0
52 . 0
tan 721 . 0
520 . 0 5 . 0
v v
v v
v v v
B
A
n t A
o
|

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Sample Problem 13.17
13 - 28
A 30-kg block is dropped from a height
of 2 m onto the the 10 kg-pan of a
spring scale. Assuming the impact to be
perfectly plastic, determine the
maximum deflection of the pan. The
constant of the spring is k = 20 kN/m.
SOLUTION:
Apply the principle of conservation of
energy to determine the velocity of the
block at the instant of impact.
Since the impact is perfectly plastic, the
block and pan move together at the same
velocity after impact. Determine that
velocity from the requirement that the
total momentum of the block and pan is
conserved.
Apply the principle of conservation of
energy to determine the maximum
deflection of the spring.
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Sample Problem 13.17
13 - 29
SOLUTION:
Apply principle of conservation of energy to
determine velocity of the block at instant of impact.
( )( )( )
( ) ( )( )
( )( ) ( ) s m 26 . 6 0 30 J 588 0
0 30
J 588 2 81 . 9 30 0
2
2
2
2
1
2 2 1 1
2
2
2
2
1
2
2
2
1
2
1 1
= + = +
+ = +
= = =
= = = =
A A
A A A
A
v v
V T V T
V v v m T
y W V T
Determine velocity after impact from requirement that
total momentum of the block and pan is conserved.
( ) ( ) ( )
( )( ) ( ) s m 70 . 4 10 30 0 26 . 6 30
3 3
3
2 2
= + = +
+ = +
v v
v m m v m v m
B A B B A A
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Sample Problem 13.17
13 - 30
Initial spring deflection due to
pan weight:
( )( )
m 10 91 . 4
10 20
81 . 9 10
3
3
3

=

= =
k
W
x
B
Apply the principle of conservation of energy to
determine the maximum deflection of the spring.
( ) ( )( )
( )( )
( )( )
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
2
4
3
2
1
3
4
2
4
3
2
1
3 4
2
4
2
1
4
4
2
3 3
2
1
2
3
2
1
3
2
2
1
2
3
2
1
3
10 20 10 91 . 4 392
10 20 392
0
J 241 . 0 10 91 . 4 10 20 0
J 442 7 . 4 10 30
x x
x x x
kx h W W V V V
T
kx
V V V
v m m T
B A e g
e g
B A
+ =
+ =
+ + = + =
=
= = + =
+ =
= + = + =

( ) ( )
m 230 . 0
10 20 10 91 . 4 392 0 241 . 0 442
4
2
4
3
2
1
3
4
4 4 3 3
=
+ = +
+ = +

x
x x
V T V T
m 10 91 . 4 m 230 . 0
3
3 4

= = x x h m 225 . 0 = h