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    Histoplasmosis: Histoplasma Capsulatum

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    KathzkaMaeAgcaoili
    This document discusses the fungus Histoplasma capsulatum, which causes the disease histoplasmosis. It has both a mycelial and yeast form. The yeast form infects humans through inhalation, then transforms into the yeast form inside the body. Histoplasmosis typically remains localized to the lungs but can disseminate in immunocompromised individuals. There are two main types - pulmonary histoplasmosis, which involves the lungs, and disseminated histoplasmosis, which spreads to other organs. Symptoms, diagnosis, and treatment methods are discussed for each type.

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    Histoplasmosis: Histoplasma Capsulatum

    Uploaded by

    KathzkaMaeAgcaoili
    151 views19 pages
    This document discusses the fungus Histoplasma capsulatum, which causes the disease histoplasmosis. It has both a mycelial and yeast form. The yeast form infects humans through inhalation, then transforms into the yeast form inside the body. Histoplasmosis typically remains localized to the lungs but can disseminate in immunocompromised individuals. There are two main types - pulmonary histoplasmosis, which involves the lungs, and disseminated histoplasmosis, which spreads to other organs. Symptoms, diagnosis, and treatment methods are discussed for each type.

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    This document discusses the fungus Histoplasma capsulatum, which causes the disease histoplasmosis. It has both a mycelial and yeast form. The yeast form infects humans through inhalation, then transforms into the yeast form inside the body. Histoplasmosis typically remains localized to the lungs but can disseminate in immunocompromised individuals. There are two main types - pulmonary histoplasmosis, which involves the lungs, and disseminated histoplasmosis, which spreads to other organs. Symptoms, diagnosis, and treatment methods are discussed for each type.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pptx, pdf, or txt
    151 views19 pages

    Histoplasmosis: Histoplasma Capsulatum

    Uploaded by

    KathzkaMaeAgcaoili
    This document discusses the fungus Histoplasma capsulatum, which causes the disease histoplasmosis. It has both a mycelial and yeast form. The yeast form infects humans through inhalation, then transforms into the yeast form inside the body. Histoplasmosis typically remains localized to the lungs but can disseminate in immunocompromised individuals. There are two main types - pulmonary histoplasmosis, which involves the lungs, and disseminated histoplasmosis, which spreads to other organs. Symptoms, diagnosis, and treatment methods are discussed for each type.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pptx, pdf, or txt
    of 19

    Histoplasma capsulatum

    1
    Characteristics
    Pathogenesis
    Histoplasmosis
    Pulmonary
    Disseminated
    Treatment
    Future challenges
    2
    Characteristics
    Member of the phylum Ascomycota
    Worldwide distribution
    Naturally found in fecal-contaminated soils
    3
    Dimorphic fungus
    Sexual multi-cellular saprophytic mycelia
    Asexual single-celled parasitic yeast
    Mycelial form is most commonly found in the
    environment
    Heterothallic species
    Tightly coiled septate hyphae (A)
    Globose cleistothecia (C)
    Pear-shaped asci (E)
    Smooth, hyaline, spherical ascospores (F)
    4
    A
    C E F
    Yeast form is the infectious agent in
    humans
    Form asexual macro- and micro
    conidia
    Also borne by hyphae in the mycelial form (B)
    Conidia germinate via non/polar
    budding
    Yeast cells have white, thin-walled, oval
    bodies (A)
    5
    A
    B
    Infection begins with inhalation of microconidia or hyphal fragments
    Mycelial form transforms into yeast form
    Triggered by elevated temperatures and increased cysteine levels
    3-stage process
    1. Heat shock
    phenomenon
    2. Restimulation of
    cellular respiration
    3. Increase of RNA
    & protein synthesis
    6

    7
    Yeast cells are phagocytized by host immune system
    M. capsulatum is able to survive phagocytosis
    Calcium-binding protein, a cytoplasmic enzyme, a peroxisomal enzyme, and
    immunogenic M antigen are involved
    Apoptosis of infected macrophages allow M. capsulatum to spread
    Infection is usually
    self-limiting in
    immunocompetent
    individuals
    8
    2 major forms of histoplasmosis
    Pulmonary and disseminated
    Pulmonary histplasmosis occurs when micro conidia or mycelial fragments are
    inhaled
    Form lesions in the hilar and/or mediastinal nodes
    Many types of pulmonary histoplasmosis
    Asymptomatic pulmonary histoplasmosis
    Acute pulmonary histoplasmosis
    Mediastinal granuloma
    Fibrosing mediastinitis
    Chronic cavitary pulmonary histoplasmosis
    9
    Asymptomatic pulmonary
    histoplasmosis
    Low level exposure to H.
    capsulatum
    99% of infected people display
    no symptoms
    May display a mild illness not
    recognized as histoplasmosis
    Diagnosed using radiography, CT
    scans, or biopsies

    10
    Pulmonary Histoplasmosis (cont.)
    Acute pulmonary
    histoplasmosis
    Higher level exposure to H.
    capsulatum
    Patients display fever, malaise,
    headache, dyspnea, and other
    respiratory problems
    Diagnosed using radiography,
    BAL, CF, or ID
    11
    Pulmonary Histoplasmosis (cont.)
    Mediastinal granuloma
    Substantial enlargement of a
    large number of mediastinal
    lymph nodes
    Can impede airways or the superior
    vena cava
    Often matted together and
    necrotic
    Patients have severe chest pain
    when breathing
    Diagnosed using radiography or
    CT scans
    12
    Pulmonary Histoplasmosis (cont.)
    Fibrosing mediastinitis
    Uncontrolled immune response to necrotizing nodes causes
    fibrosis around mediastinal lymph nodes
    Patients display worsening dyspnea, cough, hemoptysis, and chest
    pain
    Superior vena cava obstruction and heart failure can occur
    Diagnosed using radiography and CT scans
    13
    Pulmonary Histoplasmosis (cont.)
    Chronic cavitary pulmonary
    histoplasmosis
    Exclusive to older patients with emphysema
    H. capsulatum infection near emphysematous
    bullae form a cavity
    The cavity progressively grows and
    spreads from lobe to lobe to form
    more cavities
    Patients display fatigue, fever,
    anorexia, weight loss, hemoptysis,
    and dyspnea
    Diagnosed using radiography and
    bronchoscopy
    14
    Disseminated histoplasmosis
    Occurs primarily in immunocompromised individuals
    In healthy individuals, H. capsulatum is similar to tuberculosis
    While the infection is usually resolved, the fungus is still present
    Constantly kept in check by T lymphocytes
    In immunocompromised individuals, H. capsulatum is able to
    spread from the lungs into other organs
    Patients display fever, malaise, and occasionally petechiae or skin
    lesions (cutaneous histoplasmosis)
    Tests often reveal mucous membrane ulcerations, simultaneous
    enlargement of the liver and spleen, and enlarged lymph nodes
    15
    Disseminated Histoplasmosis (cont.)
    Diagnosis is performed by demonstrating the presence of the
    fungus in extra pulmonary tissue
    Blood cultures, bronchoscopy, BAL, ID, CF, and positive antigen tests are
    commonly performed
    Elevated levels of lactate dehydrogenase and ferritin in AIDS
    patients

    16
    Treatment is not required in most cases
    Itraconazole and/or amphotericin B in more serious
    cases
    No effective treatment for fibrosing mediastinitis

    17
    Itraconazole
    Amphotericin B
    Treatment of fibrosing mediastinitis continues
    to be difficult and ineffective
    Quick and accurate identification of H.
    capsulatum in infected patients needs to be
    addressed
    Developing a broad spectrum vaccine may be
    a step in the right direction to address some of
    these concerns
    18
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    19

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