FIR Filters

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2010 Texas Instruments Inc

Practical Audio Experiments using the TMS320C5505 USB Stick
FIR Filters
Texas Instruments University Programme
Teaching Materials
Chapter 6 - Slide 2

Finite Impulse Response
Filters
Chapter 6 - Slide 3
Introduction
Finite Impulse Response (FIR) filters are used for:
Low pass filters
High pass filters
Band pass filters
Band stop filters.
They are widely used in Digital Signal Processing
(DSP).
Chapter 6 - Slide 4
Objectives
To briefly look at a statistical data series on a graph
To apply principle this to audio
To introduce filter design software tools
To run a range of FIR filters on the TMS320C5505
USB stick.

Chapter 6 - Slide 5

Moving Averages
Chapter 6 - Slide 6
Statistical Data Series
Before we move on to audio, let us first look at a
typical data series on a graph.

Chapter 6 - Slide 7
A Typical Data Series
Data Series
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Data Series Averaged Data
Question: How do we identify the trend?
Chapter 6 - Slide 8
Show Data Trend
Moving Average
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Original Data Averaged Data
Answer: Calculate the moving average.
Trend Line
Chapter 6 - Slide 9
Mathematics of Moving Average
The graph used the moving average of 4 samples.
To calculate the moving average:
Add together 4 consecutive inputs
Divide the sum by 4:

4
) 4 ( ) 3 ( ) 2 ( ) 1 (
) 4 (
x x x x
y

Chapter 6 - Slide 10
Moving Average for Audio
A moving average can also be applied to audio.

Averaging Filter
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Signal Input Filtered Output
Frequency Response of Moving Average
The moving average is a low pass digital filter
Changing Some Constants
This moving average can also be written as:

As an experiment, change the sign of two constants:
) 4 ( 25 . 0 ) 3 ( 25 . 0 ) 2 ( 25 . 0 ) 1 ( 25 . 0 ) 4 ( x x x x y
) 4 ( 25 . 0 ) 3 ( 25 . 0 ) 2 ( 25 . 0 ) 1 ( 25 . 0 ) 4 ( x x x x y
now negative
Different Values of Constants
The output has changed. Note the delay.
Different Values of Constants
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Audio Input Filtered Output
New Frequency Response
We now have a band pass filter.
Summary of Moving Average
A moving average is a digital filter
There is a delay between the input and the output
Change constants to change the frequency response.


Finite Impulse Response
Filters
The FIR Filter
The general formula for a FIR filter is:

N
k
k n x k h n y
0
) ( ) ( ) (
The moving average is a FIR filter with:
) ( ... ) 3 ( ) 2 ( ) 1 ( ) 0 ( N h h h h h
Block Diagram of FIR Filter
FIR Coefficients
The terms h(0) to h(N) are called the coefficients.
They can be calculated from the Fourier series
Typically for a C program they would be stored in a
.h file.
Impulse Applied to FIR
An impulse is commonly used to test filters.
Why is the Filter Finite?
The output is
derived purely
from the input.
The output is
completely gone
after N samples,
where N is the
FIR filter size.
Here N = 50.

Impulse In
FIR Filter Out

Implementing FIR Filters
Ideal vs. Practical FIR Filter
Ideal FIR filter => infinite coefficients.

Practical filter design is a compromise.
FIR Filter 10 coefficients
Practical FIR Filter 10 coefficients
Ideal
Filter
Using Window Functions
A window function modifies coefficients to
approximate an infinite series.

Window Types
Some commonly used window functions are:
Rectangular (simple truncation of infinite series)
Hamming
Hanning (or von Hann)
Blackman
Kaiser.

Rectangular vs. Hamming Window
FIR Filter 5000Hz 50 coefficients Rectangular Window
FIR Filter 5000Hz 50 coefficients Hamming Window
-50dB
-50dB
Better

Filter Design using Matlab

Filter Design Toolbox
Generation of Coefficients
Matlab can export filter coefficients as a .h file.

Web Based Filter Design
Software

Free Online Software
A free online filter design package is available at:
www.dsptutor.freeuk.com

Free Software Output
Supports low pass, band pass and high pass filters.
Filter Output Coefficients
Filter coefficients are in floating-point format.
Converting to Fixed-Point
Coefficients lie in the range -1.000 to +1.000
To convert them to fixed-point, multiply each by
32767 then round to nearest integer.

C Code Implementation of FIR
A simple FIR implementation in C:

Introduction to Laboratory

Setup for TMS320C5505
USB to PC
Headphones
CD Player
USB Stick
Installing the Application

Use the code given in Application 6 FIR Filters.
Follow the steps previously given in Chapter 1 to
set up the new project.

Create New CCS Project
Files Used in Project
Filter Coefficients
Filter coefficients are contained in the four #include
files starting at hamming.h:
About the Program
Contains a series of FIR filters.
Divides music into bass and treble at different
crossover frequencies:
Low pass filter puts bass on left-hand headphone.
High pass filter puts treble on right-hand headphone.


Experiments

Sampling Rates
Run the same filters but at a lower sampling rate, for
example 12000 Hz.
How does this affect the frequencies of the filters?
Using New Filter Coefficients
You can design your own filter coefficients using
Matlab FDATool or the Web-based tool discussed
earlier.
New coefficients can be added to a new .h file.
You will need to #include this .h file in your project.
Bass Middle and Treble
Design a series of filters so you can work out at what
frequency the transition occurs between:
bass and mid range
mid range and treble.
Clue: the frequencies are lower than you might first
think.
Questions
The filters are called Finite Impulse Response filters.
Why is the word finite used?
What is a window function as applied to a digital
filter?
How can a window function be used to improve the
performance of the filter?
How are filter coefficients calculated?
References
Digital Signal Processing, A Practical Approach by
Emmanuel C. Ifeachor and Barrie W. Jervis. ISBN
0201-59619-9.
Digital Signal Processing with C and the TMS320C30
by Rulph Chassaing. ISBN 0-471-557800-3.

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2010 Texas Instruments Inc

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