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Lesson 5: Tenses and

Conditionals
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Simple
Present
Simple
Future
Past
Continuous
Present
Continuous
Future
Continuous
Past
Perfect
Present
Perfect
Future
Perfect
Past Perfect
Continuous
Present
Perfect
Continuous
Future
Perfect
Continuous
Past
Present Future
Simple
Continuous
Perfect
Perfect
Continuous
Simple
Past
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Overview of the English Verb Tense/Aspect System
Simple

Perfect
(HAVE +
verb+ed/V3)
Progress-ive
(BE + verb+ing)
Perfect
Progress-
ive (HAVE +
BEEN +
verb+ing)
Present *
(frequent)
Past * *

Future *

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The authority to convict a man of driving 95km/h in an
80km/h
(A) seek
(B) seeks
(C) was seeking
(D) will seek
zone on Bollwell Street in July last year.
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Simple Present Tense
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simple present tense
Examples
He always comes late to class.
=> habit
The sun rises in the east.
=> (unchanging truth)
They are friendly.
=> general statement of fact)
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simple present tense
Indicators
Always Whenever Everyday
Usually Often Frequently
Sometimes Rarely Occasionally
never generally


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simple present tense
Form
I study I wait
You study You wait
S/he/it studies s/he/it waits
We study we wait
They study they wait
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simple present tense
Diagram--time on a line
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Simple Past Tense
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Grammar
1. My father and his friends play football
every Sunday.
2. My father and his friends played
football last Sunday.
3. He is handsome.
4. He was handsome when he was
young.
Simple past: to talk about something
happened in the past.
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Simple Past Tense
Examples
He was late to class yesterday.
=> Completed action in the past
We arrived three weeks ago.
=> Completed action in the past
She always wrote a letter to her mother on
Sunday night.
=> Past habit

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The Simple Past Tense is Used:
When an activity or situation began and
ended at a particular time in the past--in
other words, when an activity or situation
is completed in the past
To refer to past habits

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Simple Past Tense
Indicators
Last night/ week / year /month / Saturday /
semester / etc.
Yesterday
Ago
The other day

In + past year
Previous + week / month / year

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Simple Past Tense
Form
I studied I waited
You studied You waited
S/he/it studied S/he/it waited
We studied We waited
They studied They waited
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Simple Past Tense
Diagram--time on a line
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Practice
1. You ___________ worried. Is something
wrong?
A: seem
B: seems
C: are seeming
D: are seemed
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Practice
2. He usually ___________ the bus to
school but this morning he took the taxi
instead.
A: take
B: takes
C: has taken
D: had taken
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Practice
3. When the shipment __________, he will
dispatch it to the proper department.
A: will come in
B: is coming in
C: comes in
D: is going to come in
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The Present Perfect
A tense very commonly used in English to refer to the
past!
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Present Perfect Tense
Examples
They have already seen that movie.
=> unspecified time before now
We have visited New York City many
times.
=> repeated activity before now

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Examples
I have just eaten.
=> an action has recently been completed
before now
I have studied Spanish for many years.
=> action not completed in the past
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The Present Perfect is Used:
When an activity happened at an
unspecified time in the past (before the
present)
When an activity has been repeated
several times before now
When an activity was very recently
completed before now
When an activity is not completed in the
past
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Present Perfect Tense
Indicators
Before Ever Never
So far Already Yet
Just Recently For
Since Up to now Up to the
present

As of today

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Indicators
In the past years
For the past two years
For the last two months
Over the last three years
During the last fiscal year
Throughout the year

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Present Perfect Tense
Form 1
have or has + past participle
I have studied . . . I have seen . . .
You have studied . . . You have seen . . .
S/he/it has studied . . S/he/it has seen . . .
We have studied . . . We have seen . . .
They have studied . . . They have seen . . .
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Present Perfect Tense
Form 2
I've walked . . . I've grown . . .
You've walked . . . You've grown . . .
S/he/it's walked . . . S/he/it's grown . . .
We've walked . . . We've grown . . .
They've walked . . . They've grown . . .
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Present Perfect Tense
Diagram 1--time on a line
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Present Perfect Tense
Diagram 2--time on a line
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Practice
I had some spare money so I ________ a
bike.
A: bought
B: have bought
C: buy
D: am buying
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Past simple vs. Present
perfect
certain time in the past just / already / not yet
I (phone) Mary 2 minutes
ago.
I .. (just/phone) Mary.
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Past simple vs. Present
perfect
emphasis on action emphasis on result

I had some spare money so I
.. (buy) a bike.

(I want to tell you what I did.)

I . (buy) a bike. I dont have
to walk to school any more.

(I want to express that I have a bike
now)
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Practice
1. Mr. Kent ___________ at the company
for the last 15 years.
A: worked
B: are working
C: works
D: has worked
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Practice
2. The semiconductor industry _________
at a tremendous rate over the last decade.
A: are progressing
B: were progressed
C: progress
D: has progressed
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Practice
3. The price of raw materials for paper
goods (rose/ has risen) steadily over the
years, which resulted in a corresponding
increase in the price of finished products.
=> Has risen
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The Past Perfect Tense
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Past Perfect
The past perfect tense refers to activities
that happened before a specific time in
the past.
Ex: He had visited her many times
before she died.
Form: had + V3 / V-ed
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Indicators
1. Before + simple past, Past perfect
2. By the time + simple past, Past perfect
Ex: John had already left by the time Peter
got there.
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Example
Our competitors believed that the products
they have developed were able to surpass
the standards we set for durability and
design.
True or False?
=> had developed
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The Future Perfect Tense
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Future Perfect
The future perfect expresses the idea that
an activity will occur before some future
time.
Example: She will have finished dinner
before the game starts.
Form: will + have + past participle
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Indicators
1. By next year, I _________ at this
company for 10 years.
A: work
B: will worked
C: will have worked
D: will have worked
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1. By next week / month / year
2. By the time + simple present
3. As of + future time (this August)
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Practice
1. By the time you ________ the report, Ms.
Walker will have come back from her
vacation.
A: finish
B: finished
C: will finish
D: finishing
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The Present Progressive Tense
Sometimes called the
Present Continuous Tense
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Present continuous
1. I am teaching English right now.
An action that is happening at the
moment of speaking.
2. I am reading Gone with the wind.
longer actions in progress.

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Present Continuous
3. He usually takes the bus to school, but
today he is taking a taxi.
Temporary action
4. Im visiting my friend tomorrow.
An arranged plan



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Present Progressive Tense
Indicators
Right now, at this
moment
Still
This year, week,
month, etc.
As we speak
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Present Progressive Tense
Form
I am studying I'm studying
You are studying You're studying
S/he/it is studying S/he/it's studying
We are studying We're studying
They are studying They're studying
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Present Progressive Tense
Diagram--time on a line
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Present simple vs. Present
continuous
play
are still sitting
is signing
work works
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The Simple Future Tense
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Future
Diagram--Time on a Line
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The Future Tense is Used:
To indicate that an activity or event will
take place at a time in the future
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Future
Indicators
1. Tomorrow
2. Within the next three weeks / month /
year
3. Two weeks from now
4. In the upcoming year / month / event
5. Next Saturday, week, month, year, etc.
6. Until + future time
7. As of + future time


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Future
Form 1
I will stay I'll stay
You will stay You'll stay
S/he/it will stay S/he/it'll stay
We will stay We'll stay
They will stay They'll stay
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Future
Form 2
I am going to stay I'm going to stay
You are going to stay You're going to stay
S/he/it is going to stay S/he/it's going to stay
We are going to stay We're going to stay
They are going to
stay
They're going to stay
Actions in the future
I will do it.
= Ive just made the decision to do it.
= Im not sure if I will do it or not.
e.g. Wait, I will help you.
e.g. Maybe I will buy that shirt.

I am going to do it.
= Ive already planned or prepared to do it.
e.g. I am going to study harder next year.

I am doing it.
= Ive made an arrangement to do it in the near future.
e.g. Ive bought a ticket. I'm going to the theatre
tonight.
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Other English Verb Tenses
These tenses are combinations of the tenses we have just
reviewed
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1. Past Progressive
1. They were eating when the taxi arrived.
=> An action was happening when another
action interrupted.
Form: was or were + verbing

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Past Progressive
2. Last night at 6 p.m, I was eating
dinner.
=> An action was happening at specific time
in the past.

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Past Progress
3. I was cooking while he was reading
newspaper.
Parallel actions

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When vs While
- I was studying when she called.
- While I was studying, she called.

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When + action in the simple past
While + action in the past continuous
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Past simple vs. Past continuous
5. The workers . (stand) around waiting when they heard the news.
were standing
was working
dropped
didnt go
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2. Past Perfect Progressive
This tense is used when an activity was
continuously in progress before a specific
time in the past.
Example: I had been thinking about her
before she called.
Form: had + been + verbing

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3. Present Perfect Progressive
This tense is used to describe actions that
have been continuously in progress
before now. These actions are not
completed.
Example: I have been waiting here for the
last two hours.
Form: have or has + been + verbing
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Result (what / how much /
how often)
Duration (how long)

I have written 5 letters.

(I want to say that I have 5
letters now)

I have been writing for an
hour.

(I want to say that I spent the
last 1 hour to write)
Present perfect vs. Present perfect continuous
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Present perfect vs. Present perfect continuous
Completion Duration

I have done my homework.

(I want to say that my
homework is finished now)

I have been doing my
homework.

(I want to say that I spent my
time to do homework)
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4. Future Perfect Progressive
This tense is used to refer to activities that
will be continuously in progress before a
future time.
Example: He will have been working for 3
hours before you arrive.
Form: will + have + been + verbing
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5. Future Progressive Tense
This tense is used to refer to activities that
will be continuously in progress around
some future time.
Example: We will be flying over New York
at noon tomorrow.
Form: will + be + verbing
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Practice
1. My contact at the conference wasnt
exactly a stranger. I __________her two
or three times before.
A: meet
B: will meet
C: have met
D: had met
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Lets try this exercise
2. Mr. Alexander ________ the corporation
two years ago as a public relations
manager.
A: join
B: joined
C: joining
D: who joins
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Lets try this exercise
3. The rate of people changing occupations
_________ over the last two years.
A: increased
B: have been increased
C: has increased
D: have increased
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Tenses
When you will finish the training course, a
certificate will be sent to your address.
If the software industry will collapse, many
small firms will go bankrupt.
When, once, after, before, as soon
as, until (time)
If, unless, in case, as long as
(condition)
=> Verb in simple present tense

Main clause:
Simple future
Tenses
He suggested that she spent the weekend
with him.
The boss requested that any employees
followed the rules.
suggest/ propose (suggestion)
Insist/ urge/ demand/ request/
require/ ask (request)
S
S + (should)
+ B. I
+ THAT
Tenses
It is necessary that the contract is finalized at
least one week before the project begins.
Adjectives of urgency,
necessity, obligation
Mandatory, vital, difficult,
compulsory, important,
necessary, essential,
imperative
That + S + (should)
bare Inf
It is
Practice
The president of the company reported that
production has declined for the past six
months, which suggests that the economy
continue/ will continue to struggle next year
as well.
=> continue
Practice
The legal department requests that workers
travelling on corporate business to make/
make certain that they have their passports
all the time.
=> make
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Conditionals

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Grammar Review: Conditionals
If I have free time, Ill visit you.
Present real conditional (Type 1)
If clause (simple present)
Main clause ( S + will / may /shall + V)
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Conditional Type 1
If you have any question, please feel free
to ask.
If this time will be convenient to you,
please tell me.
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If + simple present , Please + V
If + simple future , Please / simple future
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Grammar Review: Conditionals
If I were you, I would tell her the truth.
Present unreal conditional.

If S + V (past tense),
S + would/ could/ should/ might +
bare V
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Grammar Review: Conditionals
If I had prepared well for the test, I would
have passed it.
Unreal past conditional

If + S + had + PP
S + would/ could/ should/ might
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Grammar Review: Conditionals
If it had not snowed last night, the road
would not be slippery now.
=> mixed conditional
=> talk about an imagined event in the past
with the present result of that.
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Reduced If
Without her help, he wouldnt be
successful like that.
But for her help,
Were it not for her help,

Without
But for
Were it not for
+ Noun
S + would/ could/
should/ might + Bare V
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Grammar Review: Conditionals
Without Johns exceptional efforts, we
would never have succeeded in winning
the prize.
But for
Had it not been for
Noun
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Inversion in conditionals
Were she not my daughter, I'd have no
hesitation in phoning the police.
Were the negotiations to fall through, it
would bring about unforeseen
problems.
=>Inversion Type 2
Were + S + N / Adj
To Inf
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Inversion in conditionals
Had I known about Mr Smith's
behaviour sooner , I would have fired
him immediately.
Had the people not been informed, the
situation would have been much worse.
=> Inversion Type 3



Had + Subject + (not) + PP, S + would/
could/ should/ might + PP
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Inversion in conditionals
Should you not wish to sign the contract,
you must let them know before the end of
June.
=>Inversion Type 1
Should + Subject + (not) + V Bare Inf
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Lets try this exercise
1. You didnt ask me, otherwise, I would
________the whole story.
A: told
B: tell
C: have told
D: have been told
Simple past clause , OTHERWISE , S + would have + PP
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Lets try this exercise
2. Anyone is welcome _____________ they
act respectfully during the ceremony.
A: provide that
B: providing that
C: provided if
D: providing if
If , unless ( if not )
As long as
Providing that
Provided that
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Lets try this exercise
3. I wish I ___________ that she was sick. I
would have gone to see her.
A: knew
B: had known
C: know
D: have known.
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Lets try this exercise
4. Leave the office right away, __________
you will miss the train because of the
traffic.
A: so
B: and
C: or
D: but
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Lets try this exercise
5. As ________ as he keeps silent, there
will be no danger of the information being
disclosed.
A: long
B: fast
C: soon
D far
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Lets try this exercise
6. If the fax machine were not out of order,
we probably __________ the documents
in time.
A: would fax
B: will fax
C: fax
D: have faxed
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Lets try this exercise
7. If you ________ for the job, we would
have asked you for more documentation.
A: was qualified
B: were qualified
C: have been qualified
D: had been qualified
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Lets try this exercise
8. New programs _________ installed on
the computers after the furniture is moved
to the new office.
A: had been
B: has been
C: would be
D: will be
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Lets try this exercise
9. The customer requested that we
________ the marked items very carefully.
A: handle
B: had handle
C: handling
D: had handling
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Lets try this exercise
10. It is imperative that adjustments in
domestic fuel prices _________ sooner
rather than later.
A: is made
B: be made
C: was made
D: will be made
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Thanks for attention!