7-1 WCDMA Radio Network Coverage Planning
7-1 WCDMA Radio Network Coverage Planning
7-1 WCDMA Radio Network Coverage Planning
, -45
Gain 18.5dBi
HPBW (1920~2170MHz)
Horizontal: 63
Vertical:6.5
Electrical tilt Fixed, 2
Side lobe suppression for 1
st
side
lobe above horizon
>14dB
Front-to-back ratio, co-polar >30dB
dimensioning (Height / Width /
Depth)
1302 mm / 155 mm / 69
mm
Weight 6.6kg
Kathrein 741790
Frequency range 1920~2170MHz
Polarization Vertical
Gain 11dBi
HPBW Vertical: 7
Electrical tilt Fixed, 0
dimensioning (Height) 1387 mm
Weight 5kg
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Elements of WCDMA Uplink Budget
6. Cable Loss (dB)
It includes the loss of the feeders and
connectors between the cabinet top and
the antenna connector.
Lower jumper
Connector
Feeder
Upper jumper
Etc.
Except for the feeder, the loss is
relatively constant. Assume that the
connecter loss is 0.8 dB.
7/8-inch feeder: 6.1 dB / 100m for 2GHz
5/4-inch feeder: 4.5 dB / 100m for 2GHz
Bracket
Bracket
Tilt adjuster
Antenna
Upper jumper
Feeder
Feeder window
Lightning arrester
Lower jumper
Feeder fixing clip
Feeder grounding clip
Feeder installation
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Elements of WCDMA Uplink Budget
7. Noise Figure (dB)
Noise figure (NF): It is used to measure the noise
performance of an amplifier. It refers to the ratio of the input
SNR to the output SNR of the antenna.
Thermal noise of receiver (unit bandwidth):
PN = KTBWNF
= -174 (dBm/Hz) + 10lg(3.84MHz / 1Hz) + NF(dB)
= -108 (dBm/3.84MHz) + NF (dB)
NF = SNR
i
/ SNR
o
= (S
i
/ N
i
) / (S
o
/ N
o
)
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Elements of WCDMA Uplink Budget
8. Eb/No Required (dB)
It is obtained through link simulation. It is related to the following:
Configuration of receiver diversity
Multi-path channel condition
Bearer type
9. Sensitivity of BS Receiver (dBm)
Sensitivity of Receiver (dBm)
= -174 (dBm/Hz) + NF (dB) + 10lg(3.84MHz/1Hz)
+ required Eb/No (dB) - 10lg[3.84MHz/Rb(kHz)]
= -174 (dBm/Hz) + NF (dB) + 10lg[1000 * Rb (kHz)] + Eb/No (dB)
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Elements of WCDMA Uplink Budget
10. Background Noise Level (dBm)
External electromagnetic interference sources:
Wireless transmitters (GSM, microwave, radar,
television station, and so)
Automobile ignition
Lightning
For the planning for a specific area, it is
recommended to estimate the local interference
through noise test.
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Elements of WCDMA Uplink Budget
11. Penetration Loss (dB)
Indoor penetration loss refers to the difference between the
average signal strength outside the building and the average signal
strength of one layer of the building.
The penetration loss is related to building type, arrive angle of the
radio wave, and so on. In the link budget, assume that the
penetration loss is subject to the lognormal distribution. The
penetration loss is indicated by average penetration loss and
standard deviation.
It is uneconomical to provide better indoor coverage through an
outdoor BS. The indoor coverage shall be provided through a
reasonable indoor coverage solution.
In the actual construction of a commercial network, the penetration
loss margin is usually specified by the operator in order to compare
the planning results of different manufacturers.
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Elements of WCDMA Uplink Budget
12. Fast Fading Margin (dB)
In the link budget, the demodulation performance of the used receiver is
the simulation result based on the assumed ideal power control. In an
actual system, because of the limited transmit power of the transmitter,
non-ideal factors are introduced in the closed loop power control.
Effect of power control margin on the uplink demodulation performance:
The simulation shows the following: When the HeadRoom is large,
the target Eb/No set in the outer loop power control is appropriate to
the simulation result under the ideal power control. As the power
margin decreases, the Eb/No gradually increases (if the power
margin decreases by 1 dB, the required Eb/No increases by about 1
dB). If power control performance is almost not available, the
BER/BLER cannot be ensured.
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Elements of WCDMA Uplink Budget
13. Edge coverage Probability
When the transmit power of a UE hits the threshold, but the path loss does
not meet the requirements for the lowest receive level, the link will be
disconnected.
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SF x o , ( ) dnorm x 0 , o , ( ) :=
30 20 10 0 10 20 30
0
0.02
0.04
0.06
SF x 8 , ( )
SF x 10 , ( )
SF x 12 , ( )
x
SF_M x o , ( ) pnormx 0 , o , ( ) :=
20 16 12 8 4 0 4 8 12 16 20
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
1
SF_M x 8 , ( )
SF_M x 10 , ( )
SF_M x 12 , ( )
x
Elements of WCDMA Uplink Budget
14. Slow Fading Margin (dB)
Key point: Property of normal distribution.
Slow Fading Margin (dB) = required edge coverage ProbabilityStd.
dev. of Slow Fading (dB)
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Elements of WCDMA Uplink Budget
15. Uplink Cell Load
Uplink cell load is used to measure the uplink load of a cell.
The higher the uplink cell load, the higher the uplink interference.
If the uplink load is about 100% , the uplink interference becomes infinite,
and the corresponding capacity is the limit capacity.
( ) ( )
( )
+ = + =
N
j j j
N
j UL
W
v R EbvsNo
i L i
1 1
1 1 q
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Elements of WCDMA Uplink Budget
16. Uplink Interference Margin (dB)
50% Load 3dB
60% Load 4dB
75% Load 6dB
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Elements of WCDMA Uplink Budget
17. SHO Gain Fading (dB)
The soft handover gain includes two parts:
Multiple related soft handover branches lower the
required margin for fading, which results in multi-cell
gain.
Gain for the link demodulation of the soft handover :
marco diversity combining gain.
The SHO Gain over Fast Fading refer to the macro
diversity combination gain.
Slow fading between BSs is partly irrelevant, and an
MS can select a better BS through soft handover
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Elements of WCDMA Uplink Budget
19. Minimum Signal Strength Required (dBm)
After the interference factors and the factors
degrading the performance are considered, the signal
strength required by the correct demodulation is
receiver sensitivity in the network.
Minimum Signal Strength Required
= Sensitivity of Receiver (dBm) - Gain of Antenna (dBi)
+ Body Loss (dB) + Interference Margin (dB)
+ Margin for Background Noise (dB) - SHO Gain over
fast fading (dB) + Fast Fading Margin (dB)
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Elements of WCDMA Uplink Budget
Summary: Cell edge path loss
Based on the maximum path loss allowed by the link,
the path loss at the cell edge can be calculated if the
fading margin and soft handover gain for providing the
required edge/area coverage probability and the
penetration loss of indoor coverage are considered.
Path Loss (dB) = [ EiRP (dBm) - Minimum Signal
Strength Required (dBm) ]- Penetration Loss (dB) -
Slow Fading Margin (dB) + SHO Gain over Slow
Fading (dB)
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Chapter 1 Process of WCDMA Network Planning
Chapter 2 Uplink Budget
Chapter 3 Downlink Budget
Chapter 4 Coverage Enhancement Technologies
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Fundamental Principle
Link Budget: Link
Budget intends to
estimate the system
coverage by
analyzing the factors
of the propagation
of the forward signal
and reverse signal, in
order to obtain the
maximum
propagation loss after
certain
communications
quality is ensured.
TX
Combiner
Duplexer
Feeder
RX
Pout_BS
Lc_BS
Lf_BS
Ga_BS NodeB
TX
RX
Pout_UE
Ga_UE
UE
Combiner
Duplexer
Body Loss
Fading
Margin
Penetration
Loss
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Algorithm
PL_DL=Pout_BS Lf_BS+Ga_BS+Ga_UE +Ga_SHO Mpc Mf MI Lp
Lb S_UE
PL_DL: Maximum propagation loss of the downlink
Pout_UE: Maximum transmit power of the traffic channel of the BS
Lf_BS: Cable loss
Ga_BS: Antenna gain of the BS; Ga_UE: Antenna gain of the MS
Ga_SHO: Gain of soft handover
Mpc: Margin for fast power control
Mf: Slow fading margin (related to the propagation environment)
MI: Interference margin (related to the designed system capacity)
Lp: Penetration loss of a building (used if indoor coverage is required)
Lb: Body loss
S_UE: Sensitivity of UE receiver (related to factors such as service and
multi-path condition)
Downlink (forward)
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Elements of WCDMA Downlink Budget
Max Power of TCH
Cable Loss
Gain of BS Tx Antenna
EIRP
Gain of UE Rx Antenna
Body Loss
Noise Figure (UE)
Required Eb/No (UE)
Sensitivity of UE Receiver
DL Cell Loading
Interference Margin
Background Noise Level
SHO Gain over Fast Fading
Fast Fading Margin
Minimum Signal Strength
Required
Penetration Loss
Std. dev. of Slow Fading
Edge coverage Probability
Slow Fading Margin
SHO Gain over Slow Fading
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Elements of WCDMA Downlink Budget
1.Downlink Cell Load
Downlink cell load factor is defined in two ways:
Downlink cell load at the receiver:
Downlink cell load at the receiver: The ratio of the current cell transmit
power to the maximum BS transmit power. Characteristics:
The higher the downlink cell load, the higher the cell transmit power.
The downlink cell load is related to service type, UE receiver
performance, cell size, and BS capability.
( ) ( )
(
+ =
N
j
j
j j j DL
v
W
R
EbvsNo i
1
1 o q
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: 1.78
Elements of WCDMA Downlink Budget
2.Downlink Interference Margin (dB)
Downlink interference at UE receiver:
The downlink load factor is:
The link budget tool uses the following typical values:
orthogonal factor : It is obtained through simulation. It is related to
environment type and cell radius.
Cell edge adjacent-cell interference factor
N
N
N
n
n j
T
j
T
j
N
total
P
P
PL
P
PL
P
P
I
j NoiseRise
+ +
= =
=1
,
1
) 1 (
) (
o
j DL
f
,
=
N
n
n j
own j
PL
PL
1
,
,
j
o
( )
( )
=
(
+ =
J
j
j DL j
j j j o b
DL
f
W
R V N E
1
,
) 1 (
/
o q
,where =
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Chapter 1 Process of WCDMA Network Planning
Chapter 2 Uplink Budget
Chapter 3 Downlink Budget
Chapter 4 Coverage Enhancement Technologies
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Page 64
Tower Mounted Amplifier (TMA)
TMA
A TMA locate the position
under the antenna
A TMA is Low noise amplifier
A TMA helps to improve the
uplink receive sensitivity and
enhances the uplink coverage
A TMA usually has 0.7dB loss
in the downlink.
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4-antennas Reception Diversity
4Antenna reception diversity
4Antenna reception diversity has
two types
Two Cross-polarization
antennas
Four antennas
4Antenna reception diversity
helps to improve the uplink
reception performance
Improve the uplink coverage and
capacity performance
4Antenna reception diversity
need equipment support
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