Gender and

Development

OCTOBER 3, 2014

Part 1: GENDER as a Social

Construct

What comes to mind

when you hear the word..
.. fiesta
. training

. wedding
. graduation

What comes to mind

(in terms of roles, activity,
characteristics, attributes, etc)

when you hear the word

WOMAN
MAN

Sex and
Gender

What is Sex?

Sex
refers to the TWO categories of
being Male and Female needed
for the act of mating to result in
biological reproduction.

biologically determined (external

genitalia or sex organ; chromosomal
make-up; qualities of hormones)
constant across time, across
different societies and cultures

Sex
Chromosomes

46 chromosomes
|

XY

- Boy

XX

- Girl

X Y X - Gay
|

XY

XX
Boy
Girl

X X Y - Lesbian

Primary Sex Characteristic

MEN
penis, testes
(androgen and
testosterone),
scrotum, sperm,
vas deferens,
etc.

Primary Sex Characteristic

WOMEN
Uterus, ovary (estrogen
and progesterone)
ovum, fallopian tubes
cervix, vagina,
clitoris, etc.
Women can become
pregnant.

Secondary sex characteristics

development of the breast
pelvic widens & hips broaden
voice deepens slightly
hair grown under the arms &
in the pelvic region
ovary start to function

regular menstruation

Secondary sex characteristics

the body become more muscular

shoulder & chest become broader

adams apple grows
vocal cord enlarge
underarm, pubic hair & hair on the
face, chest & shoulders start to grow
penis & testes enlarge
testes begin to make sperm

Sex is

generally permanent

universal

categorize as male
and female (kasarian)

attributes are equally

valued

What is Sex Roles ?

A function in which a male or
female assumes because of
the basic physiological or
anatomical difference
between the sexes.
A role which can only
be performed by only
one of the sexes.

Sex Roles
Female Sex
Roles

Gestation
Lactation
Child- bearing

Male Sex
Roles

Ovum
fertilization
Produces
spermatozoa
which determines childs
sex

What is
Gender?

Gender refers to ..
set of

qualities,
differentiated
roles or

responsibilities,
attitudes,

and values
assigned by
culture and
society to
women and
men.

Gender refers to ..
Expectations,
held about the

characteristics,
aptitudes,

and likely
behaviors of both
women and men.

What is Gender ?
sociologically constructed
changing, time and place bound

present in both women and men

categorize as feminine and

masculine

attributes are marked by

inequality

What is Gender Roles ?

roles assigned to men and women based on

their gender
refers to activities which are considered
appropriate and acceptable for boys or girls;
men or women.

part of gender norms; it is societys

evaluation of behavior as masculine
or feminine

Female gender roles are associated with

appropriate concepts of

Femininity
and traits such as:

submissiveness

modesty
nurturance

Male gender roles are associated with

appropriate concepts of

Masculinity
and traits such as:

dominance

assertiveness
Independence

Gender Roles
Gender Roles of Gender Roles of
Women
Men

Cooking
Childcare
Housekeeping

Leader
Providing
income for
the family

GENDER STEREOTYPES
It is the tendency or attitude, to ascribe particular
traits, characteristics and roles distinctly to men
and particular traits, characteristics, roles distinctly
women.
The assumption behind stereotyping is that the
ascribed attributes of men apply to all men and
that of women apply to all women in a given
society.

The confusion between sex and gender gives

rise to such stereotypes as:
Men:
Physically stronger, thus, they
are better engineers, architects, welders
or carpenters. They are the protectors of
women.
Women:

Physically weak, thus, they need protection

from men.

Men:
Brave, aggressive, independent,
and has the ability to control emotions
Women:
Timid, passive, while emotionally
dependent, demonstrative, loving, self
sacrificing and being peaceful

Men:

Work is the center of their lives. Reason is

the basis for decision-making. Decisive
Women:
Relationship both within and outside the family
is the center of their lives. Intuition is the basis of
decision-making. Whimsical and fickle minded

Men:

More fit to be leaders, head of families, business

enterprises, social and political organizations,
states, armies and communities
Women:
More fit to take secondary roles

Gender Division of Labor

GENDER ROLES
MALE

FEMALE

Productive
Role

Reproductive
Role

Community Role

Traditional gender roles divide men and

women from each other.
Deny women access to the public world of:

*Work

*Achievement

*Power

*Independence

Deny men access to:

* The Nurturant
Other oriented world
of domestic life.

*Emotion

Lets Review

Differentiating sex and gender

SEX

GENDER

Biological Fact

Socially and culturally

constructed

Natural attribute that a

person is born with

Created, produced,
reproduced and maintained
by social institutions

Natural. Born. Fixed.

Acquired/learned. Can be
unlearned.

Sex characteristics are

universal

Gender characteristics are

not universal. It may differ
from society to society.

Differentiating sex and gender

SEX

GENDER

Sex characteristics are

equally valued and equally
important

Gender characteristics are

marked by inequality

Uses terms like male and

female

Uses terms like masculine

and feminine

Fixed. Sex roles can be

performed by only the male
or the female

Interchangeable. Gender
roles can be performed by
both sexes

Constant regardless of time

place

Time and place-bound

Differentiating SEX from GENDER QUIZ

Statement
1. Women give birth to babies, men do not.
2. Little girls are gentle, boys are rough.
3. According to UN statistics, women do 67% of the
worlds work, yet their earnings amount only to 10%
of the worlds income.
4. In the rural areas, women are paid lower than the
wage for men.
5. Women can breast-feed babies, men can bottle-feed
babies.

Differentiating SEX from GENDER QUIZ

Statement
6. Most-building site workers in the Philippines are
men.
7. In Ancient Egypt, men stayed at home and did
weaving. Women handled family business. Women
inherited property and men did not.
8. Mens voices break at puberty, womens do not.
9. In one study of 224 cultures, there were 5 in which
men did all the cooking and 36 in which women did
all the house building.
10 In one documented case, a child who was brought
up as a girl, then learned that he was actually a boy,
his school marks improved dramatically.

Gender and the Role of

Social Institutions

Are Women born Feminine?

Are Men born Masculine?

A majority of behavioral scientists agree that...

Gender Roles are not inborn.

They are learned.

Learning of

gender roles
begin in the

early
stages of
childhood.

As an outcome:
Male genderroles and

Female genderroles develop.

How is this system/process perpetuated?

Through the process of Socialization

42

Socialization
The process by which an individual learns
to conform to the norms of the group:
where one
- is born with
-internalizes these norms
-acquire status
-plan corresponding roles

Agents of Gender
Socialization

Family

School
Media

Roots of Gender Socialization

Family

Child-Rearing

Gender begins the

moment a child is born.

Dressing girl babies

in pink and boy
babies in blue.

Roots of Gender Socialization

Family

Child-Rearing

The process of VERBAL

APPELLATION
telling children
what they are and
what is expected of
them.

Gender Socialization
Feminine

Masculine

Submissive
Gentle
Emotional
Talkative
Passive

Dominant
Aggressive
Adventurer
Not
emotional
Assertive

Roots of Gender Socialization

Child-Rearing
The process of
CANALIZATION
people direct
childrens attention
to gender appropriate
objects.

Roots of Gender Socialization

Child-Rearing
The process of
MANIPULATION
people handle
girls and boys
differently even as
infants.

SOCIAL INSTITUTIONS

Family
Workplace
Educational Institutions
Language
Church
Media
State

Agents of Gender
Socialization

School
Gendered lessons
Unequal treatment of teachers
to female and male students

Agents of Gender
Socialization

Media
TV, Prints and Cyberspace
Influence of pornography
Media and Societal
violence

How perception
about women
and men is
shaped by
culture?

Pre-Colonial Era:
Filipinos were:
Gender sensitive;
Acknowledge the equal
worth and rights of women
and men, there was gender
equity;
Equal treatment and
equal value for sons
and daughters;

Pre-Colonial Era:
Acknowledge women as
major contributors to
economic prosperity of
families and communities;

Name of women was

maintained; and
Dowry given to the family of
bride-to-be, cash or in kind
or service;

Spanish Era
Filipino women became:
Private property of their
husband;

Ownership of wealth or
land was not allowed;
Education was denied to
women;

Spanish Era
Served as debt
payment to landlords;
Reshaped Women
according to Iberian;
and
Submissive to mens
decision

American Era
Filipino women experienced:
US training for Filipino
professional teachers;

social problems related

to US military camps,
they were exploited;

American Era
Associations of women
sprung out but with
limited activities;
Flowering of association
of women;
Right of women to vote;

Access to education;

American Era
Got employment but
received lower salary
and position than men
did; and

Emergence of querida
system especially in the
military camp.

Japanese Era
Women in this period
suffered:
No economic activities
took place;

Menstruation of women
stopped due to loss of
weight and starvation;
abused and raped in the
garrison;

What is Gender Discrimination?

Gender Discrimination
means to give differential
treatment to individuals
on the grounds of their
gender.

Gender Subordination

Secondary status of
women in society,
because of this they
have less access to
and control over
resources for
development and its
benefits.

GENDER ROLES RESULT IN

GENDER BIASes
Violence
Personal

Gender Biases
Personhood
Development

Violence
Against
Women

Economic
Marginalization

Women
Political
Subordination
of Women

Multiple
Burden
Gender
Stereotyping

Women become victims of all forms

of violence, like battering, rape,
sexual harassment, female genital
mutilation and other traditional
practices harmful to women simply
because they are women and
occupy a subordinate status in
society.

We can refrain from being GENDER BIASED

by being GENDER SENSITIVE
Being Gender Sensitive is understanding that this is:
Not a war of the sexes, Not anti-male
Both women and men are victims, although women are
affected more than men
Is a frame of mind and a set of attitude

The way we approach whatever we do in our intimate

relationships, in our work, in our everyday transactions
with the outside world
68

Being Gender Sensitive is understanding that

this:
means taking women and men seriously

SEEING women and men, what they actually do, rather than
relying on assumptions

HEARING women and men, their needs, priorities and

perspectives

COUNTING the value of womens work

RESPECTING women and mens views and human rights

CARING about women and men and what happen to them

through development programs

69

Is it just women who can be gender-sensitive or feminists?

No.
Anyone can be

gendersensitive or
feminists.
70

How then can you say that one is gender sensitive

or feminist?

You respect every person/individual,

regardless of age, ability (physical or
mental), belief/religion, educational
attainment, race, ethinic group, status in
society, marital status, region of origin,
color, sexual orientation and
gender identity

71

You recognize that there is inequality between

men and women that can be passed on from
one generation to the next.

You recognize that this inequality in the home,

in the community and institutions should be
changed.

You work towards the transformation of such

inequality in the home, in the community and
institutions.

72

Part 2: Gender and

Development

Development Process Seen

from a Gender Perspective
Development mean both the
improved material well-being
(welfare) of people and the
process by which this
improved well-being is
achieved.

Development Process Seen from a

Gender Perspective
The concept of development also
includes an element of equalitythat material benefits from the
development process should be fairly
distributed, especially to benefit those
most in need, the disadvantaged and
the most vulnerable.

Development Process Seen from a

Gender Perspective
Equality of Opportunity means
that everybody has an equal
chance, especially for equal
access, there is no structural
discrimination standing
in the way of any individual
or social group.

Development Process Seen from a

Gender Perspective

Gender sensitivity is the ability to

recognize gender issues, and especially
the ability to recognize womens different
perceptions and interests arising from
their different social location and
different gender roles

Development Process Seen from a

Gender Perspective

Empowerment is an important
element of development, being
the process by which people take
control and action in order to
overcome obstacles.

Development Process Seen from

a Gender Perspective

Equality of opportunity for women

would mean ending all gender
discrimination.

What are Gender Issues?

These are difficulties that women and men
experience as a result of cultural biases emanating from beliefs, attitudes, values, roles
and characteristics attributed by society to
women and men
These biases define what women and men should
be, how they would act, what they would do,
what they are entitled to

92

What are Gender Issues?

Gender issues affect everybody,
men or women, rich or poor, young
or old, etc. in all spheres of life.

THEY AFFECT MEN TOO!

93

Gender Biases Against Men

Inherently aggressive and violent

Dont feel pain or incapable of

experiencing human emotions

Inherently expressive in their

sexuality

Dont need closeness, reassurance,

and attention
94

95

Gender Issues faced by women

Violence
Personal

WHAT IS GAD, then?

GAD is a major advance in

development theory and practice.

It has grown out of attempts to understand
both the ongoing inequality between women
and men and the failure of countless
development and womens projects.

GAD is about recognizing

that gender biases impede
development

Gender and Development (GAD)

GAD is a development perspective
that recognizes the unequal status
and situations of women and
men in society.

WHY GAD?
Because, GAD --

Sharpens the focus of development on

people

Enhances the capacities of women and

men to contribute to the attainment of
development goals

Reduces social inequities that stem from

unequal gender relations

WHY GAD ?
More importantly,
a gender-responsive development is crucial
in attaining GROWTH with EQUITY

GROWTH, because GAD empowers women to be

effective as half of the national producers of goods
and services

EQUITY, because it aims to provide more to those

who have less according to needs
101

But why focus more

on women?

102

Because
Eliminating gender inequalities leads

to significant productivity gains,

provides large societal benefits and
enhances poverty reduction scheme
-World Bank

103

First, women are half of the

countrys population. As such, they
are half of the producers of
economic goods and services

but...

they are in the invisible and marginalized

sector or the so-called non-money
economy

- bearing and raising children

- domestic and unpaid economic labor

- subsistence agriculture

Second, they are already in the

money economy
informal sector
wage employment

trading

Third, women have unique stakes,

roles and insights to share in order to attain
development objectives, such as in:

sustaining the environment

managing population growth

imparting values that have
profound impacts on human
progress and economic
development

And most importantly, because

resources and opportunities for
attaining a full and satisfying life are
NOT ALWAYS THE SAME for women
and men. These are determined by:
SEX - child bearing
GENDER - beliefs about what women
CANT DO OR SHOULD DO

WHY US ?

Gender issues affect all of us.

But

instead of solving them, we all

contribute to their perpetuation.
Everyone who believes in the vision of
attaining a full and satisfying life for all
has an obligation to help pursue GAD

WHY US ?

We are mandated by international

treaties/commitments, laws and
policies

We are custodians of peoples trust and

resources. We have the power,
knowledge, skills and resources to make
development work for everybody

LEGAL MANDATES

1987 Constitution

the State recognizes the

role of women in nation
building, and shall
ensure the fundamental
equality before the law of
women and men.

Convention on the Elimination of All

Forms of Discrimination Against
Women (CEDAW),
Beijing Platform for Action,
Millennium Development Goals
The Philippines as signatory to these
treatises has committed to pursue
womens empowerment and gender
equality in the country

Republic Act 7192

Women in
Development and
Nation Building
Promotes the partnership of women and men in
nation building

Republic Act 7192

A substantial portion of official development assistance funds

received from foreign governments and multilateral agencies
and organizations shall be set aside and utilized by the agencies
concerned to support programs and activities for women

All government departments shall ensure that women benefit

equally and participate directly in the development programs
and projects specifically those funded under official foreign
development assistance, to ensure the full participation and
involvement of women in the development process

116

Republic Act 7192

Government

departments, including its agencies and

instrumentalities shall:

Include an assessment of the extent to which their programs and/or

projects integrate women in development process and of the impact
of such programs or projects on women

Ensure the active participation of women and womens

organizations in the development programs and/or projects
including the planning, design, implementation, management,
monitoring and evaluation..

Collect sex-disaggregated data and include such data in its

program/project paper, proposal or strategy

117

Executive Order No. 273

Signed in September 8, 1995 by President Fidel V.

Ramos

agencies are mandated to institutionalize Gender and

Development (GAD) in government by incorporating
the GAD concerns spelled out in the PPGD in their
planning, programming and budgeting processes.

mandates agencies to incorporate and reflect GAD

concerns in their agency performance commitment
contracts, annual budget proposals and work and
financial plans.

General Appropriations Act

Pursuant to the annual General Appropriations

Act, agencies are tasked to formulate a GAD
plan and to implement the same by utilizing at
least five percent (5%) of their total budget
appropriations

DBM-NEDA-NCRFW
Joint Circular No. 2004-01

Issued in April 5, 2004

Includes guidelines and procedures for the formulation

and submission of agency annual GAD plans and
budgets, and GAD accomplishment reports

Provides mechanics for the development of programs

and projects that promote gender-responsive
governance, protect and fulfill womens human rights
and promote womens economic empowerment

Republic Act 9710

Magna Carta of Women

Make Womens Rights Real

RA 9710: Magna Carta of Women

IRR - RULE VI INSTITUTIONAL MECHANISMS

GAD programs
addressing gender
issues and concerns
shall be designed
and implemented
based on the mandate
of NGAs and LGUs

(Sec 36.a)

All agencies, offices, bureaus, SUCs,

GOCCs, LGUs and other government
instrumentalities shall formulate
their annual GAD plans, programs
and budgets within the context of
their mandates

(Sec 37 A.1.a MCW IRR)

RA 9710: Magna Carta of Women

At least five percent (5%) of the total agency or LGU

budget appropriations shall correspond to activities
supporting GAD Plans and Programs

The head of agency or LCE shall ensure that GAD

Plans, Programs, and activities are provided with
adequate resources

The GAD Budget shall be drawn from the following

budget items: maintenance and other operating
expenses, capital outlay, and personnel servicessubject to specific guidelines on GAD Planning and
Budgeting that may be issued by appropriate oversight
agencies

DBM-NEDA-PCW
Joint Circular 2012-01
Guidelines for the Preparation of Annual
Gender and Development (GAD) Plan and
Budget and Accomplishment Report to
Implement the Magna Carta of Women
- Prescribed new format of GPB and GAD
AR for national government agencies, SUCs
and GOCCs
- Introduced the idea of attribution using the
HGDG
- Instituted submission to and review of GPB
and GAD AR by central offices.

DILG-DBM-NEDA-PCW
Joint Memorandum Circular 2013-01
Guidelines on the Localization of Magna
Carta of Women
- Prescribed new format of GPB and GAD
AR for LGUs
- Instituted submission to and review of GPB
and GAD AR by local and regional DILG
- LGU GAD FP, database, GAD Code,
Mainstreaming GAD in CDP

Where do we go from here ?

A. Personal
check personal gender biases
look at everyone and deal with them
as human, not as women/men, male/
female, girls/boys
critique books of young children
examine assignment of roles at home
and correct gendered patterns

Where do we go from here ?

B. Professional
desegregate data by sex
attain balance in various positions
(esp. top and decision-making
positions)
stop gender discrimination in
recruitment, hiring, training, promotion

Where do we go from here ?

B. Professional
make spaces for disadvantaged men
and women
treat each one as equals; demolish
hierarchical social transactions
adopt a GAD plan of action (review
content of training programs; develop
tools, conduct GRP, participate
in inter-agency activities on
GAD, etc.)

Other National Laws on Women

Anti-Discrimination Law (RA 6725)
Migrant Workers and
Overseas Filipino Act (RA 8042)

Solo Parents Welfare Act of 2000

(RA 8972)
Anti-Mail Order Bride Law (RA 6955)

Other National Laws on Women

Anti-Sexual Harassment Law (RA 7877)
Anti-Rape Law (RA 8353)

Special Protection of Children

Against Child Abuse, Exploitation
and Discrimination Act (RA 7610)
Sexuality Education (LOI, 47, 1972)
Magna Carta of Women (RA 9710)

Others

Republic Act 7160 or the

Local Government Code
defines local governance as
the process by which
communities address their own
needs, problems and priorities
through more responsive and
accountable local governments.

DILG Memorandum Circular

1998-148
directs LGUs to incorporate in
their local development plans,
programs on GAD and coordinates
with the DILG offices for the
mobilization of resources for GAD
programs and activities.

DILG Memorandum Circular

1998-148
It was strengthened by the local
counterpart of the General
Appropriations Act (GAA) with the
Local Budget Memorandum which
mandates that: LGUs must
allocate a minimum of 5% of the
total LGU budget for projects
designed to address
gender issues.

Gender Mainstreaming
Taking into account gender equity
concerns in all policies, programs,
administrative and financial activities and
in organizational procedures, and thereby
contributing to a profound organizational
transformation.
Strategies and processes to integrate
gender-responsive goals in the directions,
policies, projects and services of
organizations and agencies.

Making LGUs
Gender-Responsive
1. Providing Basic Services
-

education services
health services
shelter and housing services
protective services
environment protection
welfare and community
development services
- others

Making LGUs
Gender-Responsive
2. Establish Enabling Structures and
Mechanisms
- organize womens group to raise
their level of consciousness on
issues affecting them,
- representation and participation
of women in decision making,
- access to and use of information,
- allocation of resources.

Making LGUs
Gender-Responsive
3. Through Policies and Ordinances
- issuance of specific executive
orders or formulation of local
legislation legitimizes the LGUs
GAD - related activities, thus
compelling or motivating all
stakeholders to give their
support.
.

Making LGUs
Gender-Responsive
4. Building Capacities to Address
Gender Issues and Concerns
- implement gender-related training
programs at the municipal and
barangay levels,
- organize and mobilize women within
and outside their localities for a
specific cause or program.

Making LGUs
Gender-Responsive
4. Building Capacities to Address
Gender Issues and Concerns
- sustain advocacy program to ensure
continued support for GAD-related
activities,
- creating a critical mass of competent
advocates and GAD Focal Points,
- networking among LGU, GO, CSO,
GAD advocates.

Making LGUs
Gender-Responsive
5. GAD Plans and Implementation
- gather enough information and
analyze before the planning session,
- share the vision with the constituents
and guide them to contribute to it,
- ensure that needs and concerns of
women and men in the community are
addressed and considered in the
annual development plans,

Making LGUs
Gender-Responsive
5. GAD Plans and Implementation
- require the GAD Focal Point or other
lead persons concerned to prepare
and submit work and financial plan on
GAD as basis for the release of GAD
budget and allocation of needed
resources,
- assured that GAD plans and projects
are effectively and comprehensively
implemented and sustained.

Promoting the Use of

Gender-Fair Language in
Formal and Informal
Communication

Sexism in Language
- The use of language which devalues members of one
sex, almost invariably women, thus foster gender
inequality.
Ex. The use of the genetic masculine
Subsuming all humanity in the terms of man,
father, brother, master.

Current Usage
man
mankind, men
forefather
layman
manpower

Alternative
human being, human
humankind, people
ancestor
layperson, non-specialist
human resources, staff,
personnel, labor force

Sexism in Language
Terms ending in man to refer to functions that may be
performed by individuals of either sex

Current Usage

anchorman
businessman
cameraman
chairman
congressman
firemen

Alternative

anchor, anchorperson
business executive, manager/owner
camera operator, cinematographer
photographer
chairperson, chair
representative, member of
congress, legislator
firefighters

Womans Best E-mail of the Year

At 9:00 p.m. he was exhausted and, though his daily
chores werent finished, he went to bed where he was
expected to make love, which he managed to get through
without complaint.
The next morning, he awoke and immediately knelt
by the bed and said: Lord, I dont know what I was thinking.
I was so wrong to envy my wifes being able to stay home all
day.
Please, oh please let us trade back!
The Lord, in his infinite wisdom, replied: My son, I
feel you have learned your lesson and I will be happy to

Womans Best E-mail of the Year

change things back to the way they were.
Youll just have to wait for nine months,
though. You got pregnant last night.

May the Filipino

Women and the
future generations
reap our efforts for
gender equality!