Anatomy and Physiology
Anatomy and Physiology
Anatomy and Physiology
The Urinary
System
After the kidneys filter blood and return most of the water and many
solutes to the blood, the remaining water and solutes constitute
urine.
Anatomy Overview:
The Urinary System
The kidneys lie on either side of the vertebral column between the
peritoneum and the back wall of the abdominal cavity.
Blood enters the kidney through the renal artery and leaves through the
renal vein.
The amount of filtrate that forms in both kidneys every minute is the
glomerular filtration rate (GFR). Atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP)
increases GFR; sympathetic stimulation decreases GFR.
Epithelial cells all along the renal tubules and collecting ducts carry out
tubular reabsorption and tubular secretion. Tubular reabsorption retains
substances needed by the body, including water, glucose, amino acids, and
ions such as sodium (Na+), potassium (K+) , chloride (Cl-), bicarbonate
(HCO3-), calcium (Ca2+), and magnesium (Mg2+).
Tubular secretion discharges chemicals not needed by the body into the
urine. Included are excess ions, nitrogenous wastes, hormones, and certain
drugs. The kidneys help maintain blood pH by secreting H+. Tubular
secretion also helps maintain proper levels of K+ in the blood.
Table 21.2 describes the physical characteristics of urine that are evaluated
in a urinalysis: color, odor, turbidity, pH, and specific gravity. Chemically,
normal urine contains about 95 percent water and 5 percent solutes.
Table 21.3 lists the abnormal constituents that can be diagnosed through
urinalysis, including albumin, glucose, red blood cells, white blood cells,
ketone bodies, bilirubin, urobilinogen, casts, and microbes.
Functions
of the
Nephron
Functions
of the
Nephron
Glomerular Filtration
Anatomy Overview:
Nephron
Filtration, Reabsorption,
and Secretion in
the Nephrons
and Collecting
Ducts
Animation:
Renal Filtration
Animation:
Renal Reabsorption and Secretion
Negative Feedback
Regulation of Water
Reabsorption by ADH
The ureters transport urine from the renal pelves of the right and left
kidneys to the urinary bladder and consist of a mucosa, muscularis,
and adventitia.
End of Chapter 21
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