Adbms: Concepts and Architectures: Unit I
Adbms: Concepts and Architectures: Unit I
Adbms: Concepts and Architectures: Unit I
Centralized Systems
Run on a single computer system and do not interact with other computer systems.
General-purpose computer system: one to a few CPUs and a number of device
controllers that are connected through a common bus that provides access to shared
memory.
Single-user system (e.g., personal computer or workstation): desk-top unit, single
user, usually has only one CPU and one or two hard disks; the OS may support only
one user.
Multi-user system: more disks, more memory, multiple CPUs, and a multi-user OS.
Serve a large number of users who are connected to the system vie terminals. Often
called server systems.
Client-Server Systems
Server systems satisfy requests generated at m client systems, whose general structure is
shown below:
easier maintenance
Transaction Servers
Also called query server systems or SQL server systems
Clients send requests to the server
Transactions are executed at the server
Results are shipped back to the client.
Requests are specified in SQL, and communicated to the server through a remote
queries concurrently
Typically multiple multithreaded server processes
Lock manager process
More on this later
Database writer process
Output modified buffer blocks to disks continually
Checkpoint process
Performs periodic checkpoints
fail
E.g. aborting any transactions being executed by a server process and restarting
it
Data Servers
Used in high-speed LANs, in cases where
The clients are comparable in processing power to the server
The tasks to be executed are compute intensive.
Data are shipped to clients where processing is performed, and then shipped results
back to the server.
are lock conflicts. Locks on unused items can then be returned to server.
Lock Caching
Locks can be retained by client system even in between transactions
Transactions can acquire cached locks locally, without contacting server
Server calls back locks from clients when it receives conflicting lock request.
Cloud Computing?
The cloud is Internet-based computing,
software.
20
Rate of
Server
Accesses
weekends, overnight?
9 AM - 5 PM,
M-F
ALL OTHER
TIMES
Forbes' Solution
Host the web site in Amazon's EC2 Elastic Compute
Cloud
Provision new servers every day, and deprovision
them every night
Pay just $0.10* per server per hour
* more for higher capacity servers
A Basic Introduction
Web servers are the machines or programs from which requests are
made and fulfilled over the Internet. They provide one of the
endpoints in communication when users request an online service
Tier
mean a physical tier defined by a physical server.
Layer
mean a section of the system that is contained within its own process or
deployment unit. Multiple layers may co exist on one tier.
Business Logic
A workflow or procedure that defines the way a company conducts business .
client or a server.
Source: http://webopedia.lycos.com
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Components
Clients
Servers
Communication Networks
Server
Client
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Clients
Applications that run on computers
Rely on servers for
Files
Devices
Processing power
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Servers
Computers or processes that manage network resources
Disk drives (file servers)
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ClientServer Computing
Process takes place
on the server and
on the client
Client-Server Computing Optimizes
Computing Resources
Servers
Store and protect data
Process requests from clients
Clients
Make requests
Format data on the desktop
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Problem Of Client/Server
The biggest and the most pressing problem at that time was one
of connection count
Servers were often licensed per client connection
In the 1990's most databases began to become heavily and the
speed of database reduced
3-Tier Architecture
Come To Solve Client/Server Problems
N-Tier Architecture
N-Tier: An unlimited number of tiers.
Each tier may have multiple computers.
Advantages:
More powerful applications
Many services to many clients
Enhanced security, scalability and availability
Disadvantages:
Much more complicated to design and model
Performance risks
Reliability is more difficult to achieve
More difficult to maintain software
Business Logic
Business logic is a non-technical term generally used to
rules for structuring messages that can be used for simple oneway messaging but is particularly useful for performing RPCstyle (Remote Procedure Call) request-response dialogues.
It is not tied to any particular transport protocol though HTTP is
popular. Nor is it tied to any particular operating system or
programming language so theoretically the clients and servers in
these dialogues can be running on any platform and written in
any language as long as they can formulate and understand
SOAP messages