3G Overview

-UMTS Radio Network Planning & Optimization Dept

Contents
Milestone of Mobile
Communication Development
3G Technology Introduction

Mobile Communication Concept

Mobile communication is the communication between

mobile bodies or that between mobile body and fixed body.
Mobile communication has some features compared with
fixed communication:

Mobility, keep communicating in the mobile state.

Complicated radio propagation conditions, the phenomenon
in propagation path like reflection, refraction, diffraction,
scattering, Doppler Offect, etc.
Heavy noise and interference, includes inter-channel
interference, adjacent channel interference, co-channel
interference, white noise, etc.
Complicated system and network structure.
Efficiency utilization of bandwidth and good performance of
system are needed.

Evolution of Mobile Communication System

First
Generation
(80s)
Analog

Second
Generation
(90s)
Digital

AMPS

GSM

TACS
NMT
Others

A
D
n
i
a Requirement g
l
it
o
a
g
l

CDMA
IS95
TDMA
IS-136
PDC

Third
Generation
(2000)
Wideband
Multimedia
W
S
i
p
d
e Requirement e
e
b
c
a
h
n
d

S
e
r
v
i
c
e

UMTS
WCDMA
CDMA
2000
TDSCDMA

First Generation - Analog Mobile

Communication System

Speciality

Problem

Application time: 1978--1989, USA AMPS, Europe TACS,

etc.
Innovation: Cell frequency multiplexing method was
introduced, which realized the conversion from big cell to
small cell and solved frequency resource problem.
Characteristic: Duplex (FDD) mode FDMA, voice signal
before radio transmission is analogue signal.
Low frequency utilization ratio, frequency resource is lack
when subscriber increasing. Service is simplex, only
provides voice service. No uniform standard, cant solve
international roaming problem.

This system was replaced at beginning of 90s.

Second Generation - Digital Mobile

Communication System

GSM Digital System

Application Time: 1990---now, The most successful system is European GSM, which occupied most of the
global market.

Innovation: Introduced voice digital processing technology and integrated to TDMA digital communication

system, improved frequency utilization ration (8 slots per carrier), adopted frequency hopping to overcome
signal fading.

Problem: Cant satisfy multi-service requirement; Cant support high data speed; Cant satisfy increasing
capacity requirement.

CDMA Digital System

Narrow band CDMA (IS-95) system, introduced frequency expanding and code division multi access
technology, commercially launched in 1996.

Theory and practice prove that CDMA has unique advantages, such as: higher frequency utilization ratio than
FDMA and TDMA, good encrpytion and strong anti-interference ability.

CDMA started later, market share is much less than GSM, but it developed very fast.

Third Generation - Wideband Mobile

Communication System

Third Generation Digital Communication System (3G)

Application time: Beginning of 21th Century, WCDMA,

CDMA2000, TD-SCDMA.
Innovation: Code division multi-access improve
frequency utilization ratio, Multi-bearers support rich high
speed data service.
Problem: 2G market is huge, its still a long way to 3G.

Technology classification of 3G Standard

WCDMA
CN: Based on MAP

3G

CDMA2000
CN: Based on ANSI-41

Standard

TD-SCDMA
CN: Based on MAP

CDMA technology is leading of 3G

WCDMA Standard Evolution

Multimedia domain (IMS)

introduced
HSDPA introduced in
radio part

HSUPA introduced in radio

part
MBMS
Architecture research

R6

Control and bearing

separating

R5

Iu interface introduced
Max. data rate: 2Mbps

R4
R99

2000.3

2001.3

2002.6

Function freezing time

CDMA2000 Standard Evolution

Max. date rate:

downlink 3.1M,
uplink 1.8M

Supports data and

VOIP service
concurrently

Max. date rate

(20MHz): downlink 73M,
uplink 27M

EV-DO Rev.B

CS: ANSI-41

PS: mobile IP

Max. date rate:

153.6Kbps

Commercial version:
the end of 2000

Max. date rate: 2.4M

Max. date rate: 307.2Kbps

Single carrier supports

Voice and data
concurrence

data service

EV-DO Rev.A

EV-DO Rev.0
1X Release A

1X Release 0

1999 end

2001 beginning

2001.10

2004.3

2006.2Q

TD-SCDMA Standard Evolution

3GPP

Single Carrier LCR

TDD (R4)

Single Carrier LCR

TDD (R5)

LCR TDD
(R6)

LTE TDD

CCSA

OFDMA TDD

TD-SCDMA
(R4 2003/03)

N Carrier Cell

Current

TD-SCDMA
V2 (R5)

MC-CDMA
TDD

MC HSDPA

Near: The end of 2007

Far: After 2010

3G Standard and B3G Evolution

TD-SCDMA
R4

2005

HSDPA
Phase1

WCDMA
R4

CDMA
1X

R5

EV-DO A
BCMCS

EV-DO 0

2004

HSUPA
Phase1
HSDPA
Phase2
R6

TD-SCDMA
Enhanced
R5/6

LTE
3GPP 4G

HSUPA
Phase2
MBMS

FDD/TDD

AIE
Phase1
NDO

AIE
Phase 2

WiMAX

WiMAX

802.16d

802.16e

2005

2006

2007

2008

3GPP2 4G

After 2009

Contents
Milestone of Mobile
Communication Development
3G Technology Introduction

3G Technology Introduction

WCDMA Introduction

CDMA2000 Introduction

TD-SCDMA Introduction

Comparison among 3G Technology

WCDMA Standard Evolution

Iu interface introduced

Max. data rate: 2Mbps

Commercial version:
2001.6+CR

Multimedia domain (IMS)

introduced
HSDPA introduced in
radio part

HSUPA introduced in radio

part
MBMS
Architecture research

R6

Control and bearing

separating

R5
R4

R99

2000.3

2001.3

2002.6

Function freezing time

WCDMA R99 Basic Structure

Internet

PSTN

CS
domain

GMSC

MSC
/VLR

HLR

Gc

Other

Gr

AuC
Gs

MSC/VLR
G

GGSN

PS
domain

Gn
SGSN

PLMN
Gp

Iu-CS
A
BSC

RNC

Abis
BTS
Um

Iu-PS

Gb
Iur

RNC

Iub
BTS

Node B

Iub
Node B

Node B
Uu

GGSN

R99 technology analysis

The afterward compatibility to the exist products is fully considered.

CS and PS are borne and performed separately, and separately access

to the PSTN and public data network, to ensure the operating ability of

Advantages

technology to the exist network fundamentally.

Ensure the QoS of real time service.

The maturity caused by adopting TDM networking technology.

It is a transition version, has the inherent defect caused by afterward

compatibility and the requirement of quick networking.

Problems

Havent resolved the problem of smooth evolution fundamentally,

therefore it is possible that the investment will be wasted in a certain
extent.

WCDMA R4 Basic Structure

Internet

PSTN
AuC

CS
domain

Mc GMSC
Server
MGW
Nc
Mc

Nb

MGW

Gi

H
HLR

Gc

GGSN

Gr

Other
Gn

MSC
Server/
VLR

Gs

BSC
Abis
BTS
Um

BTS

PLMN
Gp

SGSN

Iu-CS
A

PS
domain

GGSN

Iu-PS

Gb

RNC
Iub
Node B

Iur

RNC
Iub

Node B

Node B
Uu

R4 technology analysis

The idea of NGN system architecture is embodied on CN network.

CS domain is evolved from the TDM central node switching mode to a

typical packet voice distributed architecture, and the service logic is

Advantages

separated from the bearing layer.

The flexibility of service expanding is improved by separating of network

structure. Network flatting enables the reduction of transmission
bottleneck and the smooth evolution to afterward version.

The commercial trial applications is still few, the operators and venders
still need a period of time to accumulate the experience of operating a

Problems

new network.

A lot of new problem need to be concerned and resolved, for example,

the security of IP network, QoS, etc.

WCDMA R5 Basic Structure

IP multimedia domain
R-SGW
Mh

Ms

Cx

HSS

Mw

CSCF

CSCF
Mr

Gi

MRFP

Mg

Gr

MGCF

Iu

PS
domain

SGSN

Gi
GGSN

Gi

T-SGW

Mc
IMS-MGW

R-SGW

UTRAN
MGW

Mh
HSS

Mc
D

MSC
Server

MGW
C

GMSC
Server
CS domain

PSTN
Legacy/External

Mc
T-SGW

CN Structure Evolution from R4 to R5

R4 CN

Earlier R5 CN

PSTN

PSTN

PSTN

IMS
MGCF CSCF

HLR

HSS
GMSC
Server GMGW
MSC
Server

MGW

CS
CS

IM-MGW

SGSN

PS
PS

IMS
IM-MGW

CSCF

HSS MGCF

GGSN
GMSC GMGW
Server
MSC
Server
CS

RNS

Later R5 CN

RNS

GGSN
GGSN

MGW

SGSN
SGSN
PS

PS

RNS

WCDMA Key Technology - RAKE Receiver

CDMA receiver can improve S/N of receiving signal by

combining multi-path signal since there is useful information
in each multi-path signal.
RAKE receiver receives each multi-path signal by relative
detector and combines them together.

d1

d2
d3

RAKE receiver effectively overcomes multi-path interference,

improves receiver performance

RAKE Receiving Principle

Single
receiving
Single
receiving

receiver

combining

Single
receiving

Calculator
the strength
and delay of
signal

Searcher

s(t)

s(t)

Signal after
combining

WCDMA Key Technology Multiple User

Detection

WCDMA is a multi-user access communication system.

Analysis shows, multi-path interference and noise in
the channel have different statistic characteristic.

Multi-path interference has characteristic as:

foreseeable, reproducible

The aim of multi-user detection is to decrease multipath interference to 0 by combining useful information
of each user and taking certain signal processing
measure.

Multi-User Detection Technology

The current CDMA receiver is based on RAKE principle, which

looks other users interference as noise.
Capacity of the CDMA system based on RAKE is limited by
interference.
Optimal receiver jointly detects all signal, and removes other
users interference from expected signal. (signal characteristic
and interference are certain.)
Multi-user detection is named as joint-detection and
interference cancellation, which decrease multi-path
interference so as to improve system capacity.
Multi-user detection can remove far-near effection problem.
Optimal multi-user detection is very complex, less optimal multiuser detection and interference cancellation receiver is used in
practice.

Optimal Multi-User Detector

Optimal detector is composed of the K matched filters

and the following Viterbi algorithm.
The complexity has an exponential relationship with
the number of users.

Matched Filter1
r(t)

Matched Filter2

Synch.

Z1i

b1i

Synch

Z2i

b2i
Viterbi Algorithm

Matched Filter k

Synch

Zki

bki

Linear Decorrelating Detector

Decorrelating detector equals the multi-path interference to one

channels transmission response matrix, which is the relative
matrix R between codes.
The complexity has an exponential relationship with the number of
users.

Bit judgement

Matched Filter1

r(t)

Matched Filter2

Matched Filter k

Linear
Conv
ersion
R1

Bit judgement

Bit judgement

b1

b2

bk

HSDPA high speed downlink packet access

technology

HSDPA - high speed downlink packet access

technology, is order to provide a packet oriented
radio wideband access service for WCDMA
which has high performance cost ratio, high
downlink data rate and low delay.
HSDPA started from 2000-3, and its R5 was
finished in 2003-6.

HSDPA, high performance cost ratio

Downlink peak data rate per cell:

14.4Mbps
Multiple users sharing one cell: 230
users in theory
Low cost: Small modification on R99
structure

Small modification on R99/R4 structure.

Fully comply 3GPP R99/R4/R6/R7, etc.
Can work in WCDMA FDD/TDD-HLR/TDD-LCR
mode.

4G

3G R99

HSDPA/HSUPA Standard Evolution

HSDPA14.4Mbps
Standard
frozen

Newest version
LTE
100M/50M

2002.6

2004.6

2004.12

2005.10-12

2006.3

2007

2008

HSUPA5.76Mbps
Standard
frozen

Newest
version

HSPA+
28M/12M

HSPA fully reflects the good evolving nature of WCDMA technology

3G Technology Introduction

WCDMA Introduction

CDMA2000 Introduction

TD-SCDMA Introduction

Comparison among 3G Technology

Concept of CDMA2000 1X EV-DO

A technology to provide high speed packet data service, it can provide

2.4576Mbps downlink peak speed in the same 1.25MHz as 95/1x. This is
the highest frequency utilization ration in current cell technology

(CDMA2000 1x / GPRS / WCDMA).

Evolution of CDMA2000 1x, keeps the same radio characteristic with 1x.

Another name: HDR(High Data Rate), HRPD (High Rate Packet data).

CDMA2000 Standard Evolution

cdma2000
1xEV-DO
Rev-A

-HDR based
- IS-856
-2.4Mbps

3GPP2 Standard evolution path

cdma2000
Revision D

cdma2000
1xEV-DO
Rev-0

cdma2000
Revision C
cdma2000
Revision B

cdma2000
Revision A
cdma2000
Revision 0
IS-95B
-double capacity
-153kbps

IS-95A
-overlay AMPS
-Voice quality
-efficiency/capa
city
-14.4kbps

1995

-64kbps
-Improved
SHO

1998

1999

-Rescue
channel

-1xEV-DV
(forward
link)
-3+Mbps
- AKA

-1xEV-DV
(reversed link)
- 1.8Mbps
-BCMCS
-Fast call setup

-simultaneous voice
and data
-307kbps
-enhance reverse
access
-variable rate of SCH
-diversity
-shorter frame sizes
-DCCH
-short data burst

2000

2001

2002

2004

CDMA2000 1X network architecture

Radio
Interface

Abis
HLR/AUC

MS

BTS

95 terminal
MS

PSTN

MSC/VLR

SS7 network

HLR

BTS

1X terminal

BSC

Local AAA
Visit AAA

BTS

IP network

MS

95 BTS
1X BTS
1XEV terminal
1X EV-DO BTS
1X EV-DV BTS
(Partially
upgrade,
smooth
evolution)

Other BSC

PDSN
(FA)

Firewall

Agency AAA

Local agency
HA

CDMA2000 1X EV-DO Basic Feature

Dedicated 1.25MHz carrier for data service.

Downlink speed is from 38.4kbps to 2.4Mbps, uplink speed is from

9.6kbps to 153.6kbps.

Same radio frequency characteristic as 1X/IS-95.

Adopt a series of optimized technology dedicated for data

transmission in radio link.

Key Technology 1: Forward Channel Time

Division Multiplexer

In EV-DO, forward channel is shared by all users as a broad

channel.
The minimum unit is slot. One slot can be assigned to one user
for data transmission or for overhead message (named as
active slot), it also can be in idle state without transmitting any
data (named idle slot).

BS 1
BS 2

AT 3
AT 1

AT 2

AT 4

Key Technology Scheduling arithmetic

Duo to the time diversity multiplexing of forward service channel, in a

certain time, which user is selected to send data to, is determined by
the scheduling strategy of scheduler of the forward channel:

Most simple strategy: Round Robin.

If the strategy is to ensure the maximal throughput of the whole sector,

then the AT which request the highest speed will win the priority of
data transmitting.

If the strategy is to balance the throughput and the fairness, then the

total data throughput of AT in the last period must be considered.

Key technology Forward virtual handover

AP3
The forward data of current cell

AP1

The forward data from AP2 after handover

Pilot/MAC on FWD link
Pilot/DRC/ACK/Traffic on REV Link
(APs in ATs active set)

AP2

AP4
Serving
AP change

Serving AP
AP1

AP2

t1

Time

Key Technology Adaptive Modulation and

Coding

1xEV-DO system can automatically adjust the data rate of forward

channel (from 38.4 kbps to 2.4576Mbps), modulation mode
(QPSK8-PSK16QAM) and Turbo coding rate (2/3, 1/3, 1/5)
according to the changing situation of forward channel. The
relative high class of speed will be used in good situation and the
relative low class of speed will be used in bad situation.

Forward channel Adaptive adjustment mechanism, is ceaselessly

to detect the situation of forward channel via AT, and response
these information to the network in 600Hz updating speed by DRC
channel, then the network determine the class of speed in the next
time slot according to these information.

Key technology Hybrid ARQ

A 153.6kbps physical
layer data packet is
constituted by 4 time slots.
And it is sent by whole 4
time slots.

A 153.6kbps sending
packet is constituted by 4
time slots. And it is sent
by only 3 time slots.

Key Technology Reverse channel enhanced

The interference demodulation can be utilized in network by using

reverse pilot channel.
Use size fixed frame structure (16slots), Turbo coding with low
coding rate (1/2 and 1/4).
The reverse channel speed can be from 9.6kbps to 153.6kbps, and
a special channel (RRI) is used to indicate the reverse channel
speed, to avoid the judgment of speed in network side.
The distributed reverse speed dynamic assigning, the AT will
decide its transmitting speed by itself according to the quantity of
sending data, the maximal speed limitation and the busy or idle of
reverse channel (RAB).

CDMA2000 Commercialization Process

USCC USA
SKT Corea
SKT Corea
Hutchison HK

First 1X
Commercial network

First EV-DO
Rev.A trial network

First EV-DO
Rev. 0 Commercial
network

First IS-95
Commercial network

1995-9-28

2000-10-1

Market breeding

2002-1-28

Quick developing

2006.7
Stable increasing

3G Technology Introduction

WCDMA Introduction

CDMA2000 Introduction

TD-SCDMA Introduction

Comparison among 3G Technology

Time slot frame structure of TD-SCDMA radio

interface
5 ms
3. Carrier (optional)

Power
density

2. Carrier (optional)

DL

15

Frequency

(CDMA
CODES) :
1.6 MHz
0
TS0
DL

TS1 TS2 TS3 TS4 TS5 TS6

UL UL UL DL DL DL
GP

DwPTS UpPTS

Time

TD-SCDMA Basic Structure

Internet

PSTN

AuC

CS
Mc GMSC
domain
Server
MGW
Nc
Nb

Mc

MGW

MSC
Server/
VLR

H
HLR

Gc

BTS
Um

BTS

Other
PLMN

Gn
Gp

Gs

GGSN

SGSN
Iu-PS

Iu-CS

Gb

Abis

PS
GGSN domain

Gr

A
BSC

Gi

RNC

Iur

RNC

Iub
Node B

Iub
Node B

Node B

Uu

Key technology - TDD

TDD technology is more easy to implement the new technologies

like Smart Antenna, MUD via utilizing the channel parameters of
uplink channel estimating.

TDD technology can improve the downlink capacity via adjusting

uplink and downlink handover point.

No requirement of isolation between receiving and sending, the

transceiver can be implemented within one IC chip.

TDD
Uplink and downlink in the same
bandwidth

FDD
Uplink and downlink in separated
bandwidths
D

DUDDDDD
U Uplink D Downlink

DDDDD

U
Unused

Key technology - Smart Antenna

Without SA

The power is distributed in

the whole cell.

The system interference is

With SA

relative high.

The receiving and transmitting of

signal points to the given terminal.

The system interference is reduced
effectively.

The link budget is optimized.

The transmitting power is reduced.

Key technology - MUD

Firstly, estimate the channel swashing response of all users, and then,
detect the signal of all users concurrently by utilizing the known spread
frequency code, scrambling code and channel estimation of all users,
remove the interference between symbols (ISI) and the interference

between users (MAI), therefore, to realize the target of improving signal

quality of user.

Key technology Baton handover

Baton Handover

Is one of the core technologies of TD

mobile communication system.

Design idea: get the position and

Node B_A

Node B_B

distance information of UE by utilizing SA,

and use uplink pre-synchronization
technology concurrently.

Via using uplink pre-synchronization

technology, get the uplink channel

Node B_A

Node B_B

Node B_A

Node B_B

transmitting time and power information

which will appear after handover in
advance, therefore, realize the target of

deducing the handover time, improving

the success rate of handover and
reducing the dropping rate of handover.

TD-SCDMA industrialization scale

More than 400 members

8 council members + 6 un-council

members + 7 new members

Chinese enterprises fully master the core technologies, foreign enterprises take part in
actively.
6 top operators have taken part in the TD-SCDMA MTNet test and special case test.
The CMCC is deploying the TD-SCDMA network in the cities which will undertake the
Olympic Games.

3G Technology Introduction

WCDMA Introduction

CDMA2000 Introduction

TD-SCDMA Introduction

Comparison among 3G Technology

Comparison of 3 Leading 3G Technology

WCDMA

TD-SCDMA

CDMA2000

Carrier Interval

5M*2

1.6M

1.25M*2

Chip rate

3.84Mc/s

1.28Mc/s

N*1.228Mc/s

Duplex mode

FDD

TDD

FDD

Frame size

10ms

10ms (sub-frame 5ms)

20ms

Spreading way

DS-CDMA

DS-CDMA

DS-CDMA and MC-CDMA

Channel coding

Convolution codesTurbo
codes

Convolution codesTurbo codes

Convolution codesTurbo codes

Modulation mode

QPSK/BPSK

QPSK/8PSK

QPSK/BPSK

Power control

Open-loop and fast closedloop

Open-loop and closed-loop

Open-loop and fast closed-loop

Power control speed

1500/s

200/s

800/s

Base station
synchronization

Synchronization/Asynchronou
s

Synchronization

Synchronization

Commercialization

high

low

mid

WCDMA/CDMA2000/EDGE Performance
Comparison
GSM/EDGE Performance Evolution
CS Data
PDR :
9.6kbps 14.4Kbps
HSCSD
PDR: 67Kbps
ADT: 201.6kbps

GPRS
PDR
-CS1/2: 38.4kbps;
-CS3/4: 62.4kbps
ADT :
-CS1/2: 179.2
-CS3/4: 208kpbs

EDGE
PDR:
- 473.6kbps
ADT:
- 592kbps

CDMA2000 Performance Evolution

1xRTT (Rel. 0)
VC : 105 users
PDR : 153.6kbps
ADT : 900kbps

1xEV-DO
VC : NA
PDR : 2.45Mbps
ADT : ~ 2.7Mpbs

1xEV-DV
Rel. C
VC : same as 1x
PDR : 3.072 Mbps
ADT : 90% of DO

1xEV-DV
Phase 2: MC-DV
VC : same as 1x
PDR : 10 Mbps
ADT : 5Mbps

WCDMA Performance Evolution

VC = Concurrent voice users per sector
PDR = Peak Data Rate per user
ADT = Aggregate Data Throughput per sector

WCDMA (5MHz)
VC : 100 users
PDR : 2Mbps
ADT : ~ 900kbps

300%+
throughput
impact

HSDPA (5MHz)

VC : same as WCDMA
PDR : 10.8Mbps
ADT : 3Mbps

WCDMA has obvious advantage in performance evolution than

CDMA2000 and EDGE

Summary

Considering of the commercialization, WCDMA has the most mature specification, the
most definite process for technology evolution is, the most popular industry union, and
also the most mature applications in the world.

CDMA2000, has afterward compatibility, and prior chance to the CDMA network market.
But the process of technology evolution is not definite, and the technology is
monopolized.

TD-SCDMA can support unsymmetrical service in downlink and uplink by adjusting

downlink and uplink resource in the time domain, and has high spectrum utilization. But
the commercialization of it is low, and its network performance still need to be validated
in the real networking environment.