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    LCD Panel Basic Concepts

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    shafiuddinkagzi
    Liquid crystal displays were discovered in the late 19th century but were not stable enough for mass production until the late 1960s. Today's LCD TVs and monitors use a sandwich-like structure of liquid crystals between two glass plates, with one plate containing color filters and the other containing thin film transistors. LCD panels are driven by driver integrated circuits that apply voltages to selectively twist the liquid crystals and control the amount of light passing through each pixel. Active-matrix LCDs use transistors at each pixel to improve response time and contrast ratio compared to passive-matrix LCDs.

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    LCD Panel Basic Concepts

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    shafiuddinkagzi
    246 views16 pages
    Liquid crystal displays were discovered in the late 19th century but were not stable enough for mass production until the late 1960s. Today's LCD TVs and monitors use a sandwich-like structure of liquid crystals between two glass plates, with one plate containing color filters and the other containing thin film transistors. LCD panels are driven by driver integrated circuits that apply voltages to selectively twist the liquid crystals and control the amount of light passing through each pixel. Active-matrix LCDs use transistors at each pixel to improve response time and contrast ratio compared to passive-matrix LCDs.

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    Liquid crystal displays were discovered in the late 19th century but were not stable enough for mass production until the late 1960s. Today's LCD TVs and monitors use a sandwich-like structure of liquid crystals between two glass plates, with one plate containing color filters and the other containing thin film transistors. LCD panels are driven by driver integrated circuits that apply voltages to selectively twist the liquid crystals and control the amount of light passing through each pixel. Active-matrix LCDs use transistors at each pixel to improve response time and contrast ratio compared to passive-matrix LCDs.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as ppt, pdf, or txt
    246 views16 pages

    LCD Panel Basic Concepts

    Uploaded by

    shafiuddinkagzi
    Liquid crystal displays were discovered in the late 19th century but were not stable enough for mass production until the late 1960s. Today's LCD TVs and monitors use a sandwich-like structure of liquid crystals between two glass plates, with one plate containing color filters and the other containing thin film transistors. LCD panels are driven by driver integrated circuits that apply voltages to selectively twist the liquid crystals and control the amount of light passing through each pixel. Active-matrix LCDs use transistors at each pixel to improve response time and contrast ratio compared to passive-matrix LCDs.

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    Download as ppt, pdf, or txt
    of 16

    Basics of LCD-TV and TFT-LCD Panels

    Liquid crystal was discovered by the Austrian botanist Fredreich Rheinizer in 1888.
    "Liquid crystal" is neither solid nor liquid (an example is soapy water solution).
    In the mid-1960s, scientists showed that liquid crystals when stimulated by an external
    electrical charge could change the properties of light passing through the crystals.
    The early prototypes (late 1960s) were too unstable for mass production. But all of that
    changed when a British researcher proposed a stable, liquid crystal material (biphenyl).
    Today's Color LCD-TVs and LCD-Monitors have a sandwich-like structure as shown in
    the figure below.

    What is TFT-LCD
    TFT-LCD (Thin Film Transistor Liquid Crystal Display) has a sandwich-like structure with
    liquid crystal filled between two glass plates.

    TFT Panel has as many TFTs as the number of pixels are displayed, while
    A Color-Filter pasted in front glass-plate, produces primary colors from the White Light
    passed out through the LC.
    Liquid Crystals move according to the difference in voltage between the Color Filter
    Glass and the TFT Glass.
    The amount of light received at the front glass from the light source placed at back
    Back Light is determined by the amount of twisted movement of the liquid crystals.

    Electronic Aspects of LCD TVs and LCD Monitors


    The most common liquid-crystal displays (LCDs) in use today rely on picture
    elements, or pixels, formed by liquid-crystal (LC) cells that change the
    polarization direction of light passing through them in response to an
    electrical voltage.
    As the polarization direction changes, more or less of the light is able to pass
    through a polarizing layer on the face of the display. Change of applied
    voltage, changes the amount of light.
    There are two ways to produce a liquid-crystal image with such cells:
    a) Segment driving method and b) Matrix driving method.
    a) The segment driving method displays characters and pictures with
    cells defined by patterned electrodes.
    b) The matrix driving method displays characters and pictures in sets of
    dots.

    Direct Vs. Multiplex driving of LCD Panels.

    The segment drive method is used for simple displays, such as those in calculators,
    while the dot-matrix drive method is used for high-resolution displays, such as those in
    portable computers and TFT monitors.
    Two types of drive method are used for matrix displays.
    a) In Static or Direct-drive method, each pixel is individually wired to a driver.
    This is a simple driving method.
    b) As the number of pixels increase, the wiring becomes very complex. An alternative
    method is used called Dynamic-Drive or Multiplex drive method, in which the pixels are
    arranged and wired in a matrix format.
    To drive the pixels of a dot-matrix LCD, a voltage can be applied at the intersections of
    specific vertical signal electrodes and specific horizontal scanning electrodes. This
    method involves driving several pixels at the same time by time-division in a pulse drive.
    Therefore, it is also called as multiplex or Dynamic-Drive method.

    Passive-matrix vs. active-matrix driving of LCD Monitors.


    There are two types of dot-matrix LCDs.

    In passive-matrix LCDs (PM-LCDs) there are no switching devices, and each pixel is
    addressed for more than one frame timing. The effective voltage applied to the LC must
    average the signal voltage pulses over several frame times, which results in a slow
    response time of greater than 150 ms. and a reduction of the maximum contrast ratio.
    The addressing of a PM-LCD also produces a kind of crosstalk that produces blurred
    images because non-selected pixels are driven through a secondary signal-voltage path.
    In active-matrix LCDs (AM-LCDs) on the other hand, a switching device and a storage
    capacitor are integrated at the each cross point of the electrodes which improves
    response time & Contrast Ratio

    Passive-matrix vs. active-matrix driving of LCD Monitors.


    The active addressing removes the multiplexing limitations by incorporating an active
    switching element. In contrast to passive-matrix LCDs, AM-LCDs have no inherent
    limitation in the number of scan lines, and they present fewer cross-talk issues. There
    are many kinds of AMLCD. For their integrated switching devices most use transistors
    made of deposited thin films, which are therefore called thin-film transistors (TFTs).
    The most common semiconductor layer is made of amorphous silicon (a-Si).
    a-Si TFTs are amenable to large-area fabrication using glass substrates in a lowtemperature (300C to 400C) process.
    An alternative TFT technology, polycrystalline silicon - or polysilicon or p-Si-is costly to
    produce and especially difficult to fabricate when manufacturing large-area displays.
    Nearly all TFT LCDs are made from a-Si because of the technology's economy and
    maturity, but the electron mobility of a p-Si TFT is one or two orders of magnitude
    greater than that of an a-Si TFT.
    This makes the p-Si TFT a good for an TFT array containing integrated drivers, which is
    likely to be an attractive choice for small, high definition displays such as view finders
    and projection displays.

    Structure of Color TFT LCD TVs and LCD Monitors


    A TFT LCD module consists of 1) TFT panel 2) LCD-Driving unit 3) Backlight Assy. & Chassis

    1) LCD Panel Structure


    - TFT-Array Substrate
    - Color Filter Substrate

    2) LCD Driving Unit


    - LCD Driver IC (LDI) Chips
    - Driving Circuits
    - Multi-layer PCBs
    3) Backlight Assembly & Chassis
    (Mother Board)
    - Backlight Unit
    - Chassis Assembly

    It is commonly used to display characters and graphic images when connected a


    host system.
    The TFT LCD panel consists of a TFT-array substrate and a color-filter substrate.

    The vertical structure of a color TFT LCD panel.


    The TFT-array substrate contains the following:

    i) TFTs, storage capacitors


    ii) Pixel electrodes and
    iii) Interconnecting wires.
    The color filter contains the followings:
    Black matrix and resin film, which containing three
    primary colors Red, Green & Blue dyes or pigments.
    Overall Structure of LCD Pixel:
    The two glass substrates are assembled with a sealant
    The gap between them is maintained by spacers
    LC material is injected into the gap between the
    substrates.
    Two sheets of polarizer film are attached to the outer
    faces of the sandwich formed by the glass substrates.
    A set of bonding pads are fabricated on each end of the
    gate for Data-signal bus-lines to attach LCD Driver IC
    (LDI) chips

    LCD-Panel Drive Unit


    Driving an a-Si TFT LCD requires a driving-unit, which consists of a set of LCD driving
    IC (LDI) chips and printed-circuit-boards (PCBs).
    LCD driving Assembly

    LCD-Panel Drive Unit


    A block diagram showing the driving of an LCD panel.

    To reduce the footprint of the LCD module, the drive-unit is placed at the back of the
    LCD-Module by using bent Tape Carrier Packages (TCPs) and a tapered light-guide
    panel (LGP).

    How TFT LCD Pixels Work


    A TFT LCD panel contains a specific number of unit pixels often called Sub-pixels.
    Each unit pixel has a TFT, a pixel electrode (IT0), and a storage capacitor (Cs).

    For example, an SVGA Color TFT-LCD panel has total of 800x3x600, or 1,440,000,
    unit pixels.
    Each unit pixel is connected to one of the gate bus-lines and one of the data bus-lines
    in a 3mxn matrix format. The matrix is 2400x600 for SVGA.

    Because each unit pixel is connected through the matrix, each is individually
    addressable from the bonding pads at the ends of the rows and columns.
    Structure of a color TFT LCD panel.

    How TFT LCD Pixels Work


    The performance of the TFT-LCD is related to the design parameters of the unit pixel,
    i.e. the channel width W and the channel length L of the TFT.
    The overlap between TFT-Electrodes, the sizes of the Storage Capacitor and PixelElectrode and the space between these elements.
    The design parameters associated with the black matrix, the bus-lines, and the routing
    of the bus lines also set very important performance limits on the LCD.
    In a TFT LCD's unit pixel, the LC-layer on the ITO pixel electrode forms a capacitor
    whose counter electrode is the common electrode on the color-filter substrate.
    Vertical structure of a unit pixel and its equivalent circuit
    A storage capacitor (Cs) and liquidcrystal capacitor (CLC) are connected
    as a load on the TFT.
    Applying a positive pulse of about 20V
    peak-to-peak to a gate electrode
    through a gate bus-line turns the TFT
    on. Clc and Cs are charged and the
    voltage level on the pixel electrode rises
    to the signal voltage level (+8 V)
    applied to the data bus-line.

    How TFT LCD Pixels Work


    The voltage on the pixel electrode is subjected to a level shift of DV resulting from a
    parasitic capacitance between the gate and drain electrodes when the gate voltage
    turns from the ON to OFF state.
    After the level shift, this charged state can be maintained as the gate voltage goes to
    -5 V, the TFT turns off.
    The main function of the Cs is to maintain the voltage on the pixel electrode until the
    next signal voltage is applied.
    Liquid crystal must be driven with an alternating current to prevent any deterioration of
    image quality resulting from DC-Stress.
    This is usually implemented with a frame-reversal drive method, in which the voltage
    applied to each pixel varies from frame to frame. If the LC voltage changes unevenly
    between frames, the result would be a 25Hz or 30Hz flicker depending on PAL/NTSC
    System.
    One field period is normally 1/50 or 1/60 of a second.

    Other drive methods are available that prevent this flicker problem.

    Polarity-inversion driving methods.


    In an active-matrix panel, the gate and
    source electrodes are used on a shared
    basis, but each unit pixel is individually
    addressable by selecting the appropriate
    two contact pads at the ends of the rows
    and columns.

    Active addressing of a 3x3 matrix


    By scanning the gate bus-lines
    sequentially, and by applying signal
    voltages to all source bus-lines in a
    specified sequence, we can address all
    pixels. One result of all this is that the
    addressing of an AMLCD is done line by
    line.

    Polarity-inversion driving methods.


    Virtually all AM-LCDs are designed to produce grey levels - intermediate brightness
    levels between the brightest white and the darkest black a unit pixel can generate. There
    can be either a discrete numbers of levels - such as 8, 16, 64, or 256 - or a continuous
    gradation of levels, depending on the LDI.

    The optical transmittance of a TN-mode LC changes continuously as a function of the


    applied voltage.
    An Analog LDI is capable of producing a continuous voltage signal so that a continuous
    range of grey levels can be displayed.

    The Digital LDI produces discrete voltage amplitudes, which permits on a discrete
    numbers of shades to be displayed. The number of grey levels is determined by the
    number of data bits produced by the digital driver.

    Generating Colors
    The color filter of a TFT LCD TV consists of three primary colors - red (R), green (G),
    and blue (B) - which are included on the color-filter substrate.

    How an LCD Panel produces colors.


    The elements of this color filter line up one-to-one with the unit pixels on the TFT-array
    substrate.

    Each pixel in a color LCD is subdivided into three Sub-pixels, where one set of RGB
    Sub-pixels is equal to one pixel. (Each Sub-pixel consists of what we've been calling a
    unit pixel up to this point.)
    Because the Sub-pixels are too small to distinguish independently, the RGB elements
    appear to the human eye as a mixture of the three colors.
    Any color present in nature, can be produced by mixing these three primary colors.
    The total number of display colors using an n-bit LDI is given by 2X3Xn, because each
    Sub-pixel can generate 2n different transmittance levels.

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