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    Lucrare de Curs La SDA

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    Mihail Colun
    This document discusses computer graphics applications in C. It provides an introduction to basic graphics functions in C like putpixel, setcolor, line, rectangle, circle, etc. It also gives examples of using these functions to draw shapes and create animations. Specifically it describes examples to draw circles on a diagonal, animate a moving triangle, and create a pseudo-3D effect by changing pixel colors to simulate 3D surfaces. The document is intended as a course material on basic graphics programming in C.

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    Lucrare de Curs La SDA

    Uploaded by

    Mihail Colun
    100 views33 pages
    This document discusses computer graphics applications in C. It provides an introduction to basic graphics functions in C like putpixel, setcolor, line, rectangle, circle, etc. It also gives examples of using these functions to draw shapes and create animations. Specifically it describes examples to draw circles on a diagonal, animate a moving triangle, and create a pseudo-3D effect by changing pixel colors to simulate 3D surfaces. The document is intended as a course material on basic graphics programming in C.

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    This document discusses computer graphics applications in C. It provides an introduction to basic graphics functions in C like putpixel, setcolor, line, rectangle, circle, etc. It also gives examples of using these functions to draw shapes and create animations. Specifically it describes examples to draw circles on a diagonal, animate a moving triangle, and create a pseudo-3D effect by changing pixel colors to simulate 3D surfaces. The document is intended as a course material on basic graphics programming in C.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as ppt, pdf, or txt
    100 views33 pages

    Lucrare de Curs La SDA

    Uploaded by

    Mihail Colun
    This document discusses computer graphics applications in C. It provides an introduction to basic graphics functions in C like putpixel, setcolor, line, rectangle, circle, etc. It also gives examples of using these functions to draw shapes and create animations. Specifically it describes examples to draw circles on a diagonal, animate a moving triangle, and create a pseudo-3D effect by changing pixel colors to simulate 3D surfaces. The document is intended as a course material on basic graphics programming in C.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as ppt, pdf, or txt
    of 33

    Lucrare de curs la SDA

    Colun Mihail
    gr. FAF-081

    Computer graphics applications in C


    Structure
    Introduction;
    Basic functions;
    Examples of graphic possibilities in C;
    Circles on diagonal;
    Moving Triangle;
    Pseudo-3D function;

    Introduction
    Basics element of an digital image is the pixel with
    specific coordinate and color,in C++ we have build in
    graphic driver of resolution 640x480 pixels(total
    307300 ) of different 16 colors build in C

    Colors build in C++ which can be replaced


    by some other color by changing the
    quantity of red green and blue color in a
    pixel.

    There an example of table in which is


    described the quantity of each basic color
    (red, green and blue)

    Each quantity of
    color can takes
    values from 0 to
    255.Totally we have
    2563 colors
    (16.777.216)

    Coordinates in C graph
    The coordinates in graph are
    quite different from
    standard, the origin of
    coordinates system is placed
    in the top left corner and
    the positive direction of Y is
    down. The visible values of
    X is from 0 to 639,and for Y
    from 0 to 479,it can take also
    values out of this set but
    they will not be visible in our
    interface.

    Get beginning to draw


    1. initialize the drive:
    /* request auto detection */
    int gdriver = DETECT, gmode;
    /* initialize graphics and local variables */
    initgraph(&gdriver, &gmode, "");

    Note: we must enable the graphics library from


    Options/Linker/Library/click on Graphics option. Also we
    must check if in our version of C++ has the needed driver file
    Egavga.bgi in folder BIN, otherwise we will get an error in
    initialization of graphic driver.
    Windows Vista or 7 doesnt support C graph resolution

    Basic functions
    Putpixel(x,y,color) function that draw a pixel on the screen
    with x, y coordinates and specified c color.
    setcolor(c) - set the current drawing color in graph.

    12

    13

    14

    15

    10

    11

    setrgbpalette(pal.colors[c], r,g ,b )
    C is the number of color. Do not forget that our driver supports
    only 16 colors.
    Line(x1, y1, x2, y2) - where (x1,y1) are the coordinates of first
    point and (x2,y2) are the coordinates of second point, by this way
    we construct a segment that contains the endpoints in specified
    points.
    Note: Polygons can be represented as combinations of 3 or more lines
    with the same endpoints.

    Rectangle(x1, y1, x2, y2) - where the (x1, y1) are the coordinates
    of first corner and the (x2, y2)the coordinates of second corner, by
    this way we draw an rectangle that contains 2 specified points as
    corners, the other to corners are drawn automatically.
    bar(x1, y1, x2, y2) - draws a rectangle and automatically floodfill it.
    bar3d(x1, y1, x2, y2, d, t) - draws a 3d bar in 2d where d is the
    depth of bar and t is the govern whether a three-dimensional top
    is put on the bar.

    Circle(x, y, r) - the coordinates of center and the radius measured in pixels.


    Ellipse(x, y, a1, a2, r1, r2) - (x, y) the coordinates of the center,a1 is the
    startangle and a2 is the endangle of the ellipse,r1 is the radius along x axes and
    r2 is the radius along y axes.
    Note: to draw a full ellipse a1=0 and a2 =360.

    arc(x, y, a1, a2, r) - draws a curve line which has the center point in (x, y) and
    the startangle a1 and the endangle a2 with radius r.
    outtext () - draw the specified text on the screen on the current position
    like on the output screen.
    outtextxy(x, y, s) - draw a text in the specified coordinates where (x, y) are the
    top left corner of the text, and s is the string that is going to be output on the
    screen.

    settextstyle( f, d, s) - where f is the font style (0..4),d is the direction of the


    text(0-horizontal,1-vertical,2-horizontal letters and horizontal direction),and s
    is the size of letters (0..3)
    Note: default options (0, 0, 1).

    getpixel(x,y) - this function return the number of color in a specific point(x, y).

    getmaxx () - returns the maximum value of x.


    getmaxy () - returns the maximum value of y.
    getcolor() - returns the current drawing color.
    getx() or gety() - returns the current position on the screen.
    moveto(x,y) - function for changing the current position to (x, y) point.
    setbkcolor(c) - changes the background color of the screen.
    Note: the default background color is black (0).
    imagesize(x1,y1,x2,y2) - return the image size in bytes needed to store in
    memory, that is bounded by the rectangle described by those two point
    (x1,y1),(x2,y2).
    malloc(imagesize(x1,y1,x2,y2)) - initialize a pointer with the address of size of
    image.
    getimage(x1,y1,x2,y2,img) - write in the pointer the address of image
    specified by those 2 points,img is the pointer.

    putimage(x1,y1,img,t) - put the stored image in img pointer on the new


    coordinates of the screen,(x1, y1) are the coordinates of top left corner of
    image from img,and t is operation specifies a combination operator that
    controls how the color for each destination pixel onscreen is computed, based
    on the pixel already onscreen and the corresponding source pixel in memory. t
    (0..4)

    COPY_PUT 0 Copies source bitmap onto screen


    XOR_PUT 1 Exclusive ORs source image with that already onscreen
    OR_PUT 2 Inclusive ORs image with that already onscreen
    AND_PUT 3 ANDs image with that already onscreen
    NOT_PUT 4 Copy the inverse of the source

    Useful functions
    kbhit() - function that returns 1 if the a key is pressed
    on the keyboard and 0 if not.

    delay(t) - stop the current image on the screen for


    some period of time where t is the time measured in
    milliseconds.
    Note: To use delay() we must use the dos.h library and
    for kbhit() conio.h library.

    Examples of possibilities in graphics.h

    Circles on diagonal
    In the next example we will draw some circle along the
    diagonal of the screen and flood them with all colors from
    our driver, also write near the circle the respectively color .

    To pass through diagonal I count how quick should x and y change,


    if we want 16 circles than:
    640/16= 40 (for x) and 480/16=30 (for y), initial value: x=15, y=15,
    radius of circles 14 pixels.
    We will construct a drawing loop that will stop to draw circle when
    the value of x or y will be bigger than 640 and respectively 480.
    a will be the color of nearby circle, also will change his value by 1.

    while((y<=480)&&(x<=640))
    {
    circle(x,y,14);
    setfillstyle(1,a);
    floodfill(x,y,2);
    itoa(a,s,10);
    outtextxy(x+17,y-5,s);
    a++;
    x=x+40;
    y=y+30;
    }

    Moving Triangle 1
    We will draw a triangle which will be moving on an ellipse orbit until a key
    is pressed.
    Also we will draw the ellipse orbit to feel that.
    What we should mention hear that the main variable will be the angle a of
    float type,
    The xRadius will be 200 pixels and yRadius will be of 100 pixels, the initial
    value for a is 0, also on variation of a depends the speed and direction of
    rotation for triangle; if its negative it will rotate contra clock wise direction
    and positive otherwise. The increment for a will be -0.1 rad.
    First of all we must draw a triangle with the middle in the center of the
    screen (320, 240) of length 50 pixels.

    Counting the legth of each line


    h= 43 pixels;
    h/3 = 14 pixels;
    2h/3 = 28 pixels;
    50/2 = 25 pixels;

    Counting the coordinates of each endpoint


    line (295,254,345,254);
    line (295,254,320,212);
    line (345,254,320,212);

    Counting the coordinates of 2 that describes


    the image of triangle

    Write the code that alows us to use the image


    from memory

    size=imagesize (295,212,345,254);
    img=malloc(size);
    getimage (295,212, 345,254 ,img);
    putimage (295,212, img ,1);

    Write the loop that will move our image until it


    reach the screens boarder
    for(a=0;!kbhit();a=a-0.1)
    {
    x=298+200*cos(a);
    y=218+100*sin(a);
    putimage(x,y,img,1);
    delay(10);
    putimage(x,y,img,1);
    }

    Pseudo-3D function
    In this program I will try to represent a graph
    in 3 dimensions. Actually it will be 2
    dimensional, but the difference of colors will
    create to us an illusion of 3 dimensional space.
    Basic theory here is the formula of converting
    a 3D point to 2D and made this point of
    different color.

    I have chosen this type position


    of 3D space because here all
    axes are proportional to k scale.
    The angle between all the axes
    is 120 degrees (2/3).Also the
    origin of 3D space is the center
    of screen.

    Now the most important thing here is the formula of


    converting 3D to 2D:
    3D: P (x, y, z);
    2D: P (320+k*0.866*(y-x), 240+k*0.5*(x + y)-k*z).
    If you will check you will see that this formula works.
    Cos (/6) 0.866 (30o) and sin (/6) = 0.5

    Also we will need to define a function of 2 variables F(x,y) where we can


    change the functions law. We will need 2 for statement to scan some area
    in dependence of value of X and Y. One minus of this program is that it
    check twice the interval of X and Y, because we need to define the level
    where the color is changed, by difference of Zmax and Zmin and divide it
    by 16 (possible colors).
    e= (max-min)/16;
    Also we must set up our colors.
    getpalette(&pal);
    for (i=0; i<pal.size; i++)
    setrgbpalette(pal.colors[i], i*4, i*4, i*4);
    How we count the specific color for point? In dependence of value of Z:
    i=(z-min)/e;
    if (i<1) i=1;
    By this formula we count the specific point color, the lowest point will be
    the darkest one, and the points from top will be white. In this way we
    create the 3D effect, by difference of colors.

    Note that full screen mode in C does not


    support the print screen mode from
    windows XP, thats why last image seems
    more to a photo.

    Conclusion
    Graph library contains useful things; by composing
    logical algorithms of these functions we can create
    many interesting images, animations, functions
    graphic and more complicated games.

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