Endocrine System
Endocrine System
Endocrine System
M KASTHURI BAI
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INTRODUCTION
Consists of glands and tissues that secretes
hormones.
Hormones are chemical signals that affect
the activity of other glands or tissues
Importance of hormone functions
Reproduction
Growth and development
Immune system response
Homeostasis
ENDOCRINE SYSTEM
Hormone
Exocrine glands
Secrete non hormonal chemicals into ducts
Which transport chemicals to a specific
location
ie sweat gland, mucous gland, salivary gland
and digestive glands
Endocrine glands
Ductless glands located throughout the body
Secrete hormones into the bloodstream
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Classes of hormone
Amino acid based hormones
Steroid hormones
Hypothalamus
Regulates the internal environment through
the autonomic system
Hypothalamus
Hypothalamus
Hypothalamus links the nervous system to
the endocrine system
Neurosecretory cells of hypothalamus
produce hormones that either are stored in
pituitary gland or regulate the pituitary activity
Hypothalamus maintain the internal
environment by
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Pituitary
glands
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Oxytocin
Stimulates uterus contraction during labor and causes
release of milk
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Hypothalamus
Releasing hormone
(hormone 1)
Feedback inhibits
release of hormone 1
Anterior pituitary
Stimulating hormone
(hormone 2)
Target gland
Target gland horm
(hormone 3)
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Thyroid gland
Located in the neck just below the larynx
Produces
Triiodothyronine (T3)
Thyroxine (T4)
Calcitonin
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Creatinism
Graves disease
Thyroid gland
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Thyroid gland
Calcium plays important role nervous
conduction, muscle contraction and blood
clotting
Calcitonin maintains calcium level in blood
and inhibits calcium release from bone
It does this by temporarily reducing the
activity and number of osteoclast
Blood Ca lowers, calcitonin inhibited
Low Ca level stimulates parathyroid hormone
(PTH)
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Homeostasis of calcium
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Parathyroid hormone
Attached to or embedded in the backsurface
of thyroid gland, 2 in each lobe
Produces PTH to regulate Ca level in blood
By increasing reabsorption Ca in the kidneys
and increasing Ca uptake from digestive
system
Important in promoting proper nerve and
muscle function and maintaining bone
structure
Loss of PTH results in a violent muscular
spasms known as tetany
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Adrenal glands
Two adrenal glands sit atop the kidneys
Each adrenal gland consists of
Controlled by hypothalamus
Where it stimulates anterior
pituitary to release ACTH
ACTH reacts at adrenal cortex
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Adrenal cortex
Outer portion, makes up 80% of the mass of
the gland
Produces two types of hormone
Glucocorticoid ( cortisol )
Affects CHO, protein and fat metabolism and helps to
cope stress
Minerelocorticoid ( Aldosterone )
Regulates sodium reabsorption and potassium excretion
by the kidneys
Affects water and salt balance
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Addisons disease
Cushings syndrome
Adrenal medulla
Inner portion specialized part of sympathetic
nervous system
Secretes 2 a.a hormones adrenaline and
noradrenalin
Fight or flight hormones nerve impulses
from sympathetic system causes hormone
secretion
Adrenaline
Noradrenaline
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Reproductive glands
Gonads produces gamette and a group of
sex hormone
Sex hormone regulate body changes that
begin with puberty
FSH and LH stimulate secretion of sex
hormone from gonads
Ovaries produces estrogen and
progesterone
Testes produces testosterone
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Pancreas
Is both exocrine (duct) and endocrine gland
Hormone producing cells islets of
langerhans
Islets of langerhans
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Pancreas
Type I or juvenile onset before 25, little or
no insulin, requires a strict diet and daily
insulin injection
Type II or adult onset after 40, producing
normal or reduced amounts of insulin, or cells
are unable to respond due lack of insulin
receptors
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Pancreas
Hypoglycemia
Hyperglycemia
Thymus gland
Thymus gland is located beneath the
sternum (breastbone) and between the lungs
The thymus consists of mostly T-cells
Important role in immune system
Thymus gland secretes thymosin (a.a
hormone)
Stimulates formation of T cells and help
defend body from pathogen
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Pineal gland
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The end
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