Viruses, Viroids,

and Prions

Are Viruses Living or

Non-living?
Viruses are both and neither
They have some properties of
life but not others
For example, viruses can be
killed, even crystallized like table
salt
However, they cant maintain a
constant internal state
(homeostasis).
2

What are Viruses?

A virus is a noncellular particle made
up of genetic
material and protein
that can invade living
cells.
3

General properties of Viruses:

Consist either of DNA or RNA
Obligate intracellular parasites
Fail to grow on artificial media
Smallest infectious agents
Nucleic acid is encased in a protein
shell
Divide by replication

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Characteristics
Outside of host cells,
viruses are inactive
Lack ribosomes and
enzymes needed for
metabolism
Use the raw materials
and enzymes of the host
cell to be able to
reproduce

EBOLA VIRUS

HIV VIRUS
5

Characteristics
Some viruses cause
disease
Smallpox, measles,
mononucleosis, influenza,
colds, warts, AIDS, Ebola
Some viruses may cause
some cancers like leukemia
Virus-free cells are
rare

MEASLES
6

Viral History

Discovery of Viruses
Beijerinck (1897)
coined the Latin
name virus meaning
poison
He studied
filtered plant juices
& found they caused
healthy plants to
become sick
8

Tobacco Mosaic Virus

Wendell Stanley
(1935) crystallized
sap from sick
tobacco plants
He discovered
viruses were made
of nucleic acid and
protein
9

Smallpox
Edward Jenner
(1796) developed a
smallpox vaccine using
milder cowpox viruses
Deadly viruses are
said to be virulent
Smallpox has been
eradicated in the
world today
10

Viewing Viruses
Viruses are smaller
than the smallest cell
Measured in
nanometers
Viruses couldnt be
seen until the electron
microscope was
invented in the 20th
century
11

Size of Viruses

copyright cmassengale

12

Viral
Structure

Characteristics
Non living structures
Noncellular
Contain a protein coat called the
capsid
Have a nucleic acid core containing
DNA or RNA
Capable of reproducing only when
inside a HOST cell
14

Characteristics
CAPSID

Some viruses are

DNA
enclosed in an
protective envelope
Some viruses may
have spikes to help
attach to the host cell
Most viruses infect
only SPECIFIC host
ENVELOPE
cells

SPIKES
15

Characteristics
Viral capsids
(coats) are made
of individual
protein subunits
Individual
subunits are
called
capsomeres

CAPSOMERES

16

Helical capsid shape

of Tobacco Mosaic Virus

1. Nucleic acid
2. Capsomer
3. capsid

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Icosahedral shaped capsid of

Hepa B

Icosahedral shaped capsid

of Hepatitis B Virus

Viral Shapes
Viruses come in a variety
of shapes
Some may be helical shape
like the Ebola virus
Some may be polyhedral
shapes like the influenza virus
Others have more complex
shapes like bacteriophages
23

Helical Viruses

24

Polyhedral Viruses

25

Complex Viruses

26

Classification of Viruses
*Taxonomic classification of viruses is based on

the relatively constant physical and chemical

properties of virions.
1. type of nucleic acid RNA of DNA
2. nucleic acid strandedness- single or double
stranded
3. shape of viral nucleopcapsid icosahedral
or helical
4. nature of outermost viral component
naked or enveloped
5. antigenic properties
6. specificity plant, animal, bacteria

Classification of Viruses:

a.
b.
c.
d.

Human and animal virus

Plant viruses
Insect viruses
Bacterial viruses

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Genomic diversity among viruses

PropertyParameters
Nucleic acid
DNA
RNA
Both DNA and RNA
Shape
Helical
Polyhedral
Complex
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Genomic diversity among viruses

PropertyParameters
Strandedness

Single-stranded
Double-stranded
Double-stranded with regions of singlestrandedness

Sense
Positive sense (+)
Negative sense (-)
Ambisense (+/-)

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Bacteriophages

32

Phages
Viruses that attack
bacteria are called
bacteriophage or just
phage
T-phages are a
specific class of
bacteriophages with
icosahedral heads,
double-stranded DNA,
and tails
33

T-phages
The most commonly
studied T-phages are T4
and T7
They infect E. coli , an
intestinal bacteria
Six small spikes at the
base of a contractile tail
are used to attach to the
host cell
Inject viral DNA into cell
34

Escherichia Coli
Bacterium

T - EVEN PHAGES ATTACK THIS BACTERIUM

T-Even Bacteriophages

36

Diagram of T-4
Bacteriophage
Head with
20 triangular
surfaces
Capsid
contains DNA
Head & tail
fibers made
of protein
37

Retroviruses

38

Characteristics of Retroviruses
Contain RNA, not DNA
Family Retroviridae
Contain enzyme called Reverse
Transcriptase
When a retrovirus infects a
cell, it injects its RNA and
reverse transcriptase enzyme
into the cytoplasm of that cell
39

ENZYME

40

Retroviruses
The enzyme
reverse transcriptase
(or RTase), which
causes synthesis of a
complementary DNA
molecule (cDNA) using
virus RNA as a
template
RTase
41

Retroviruses
HIV, the AIDS
virus, is a
retrovirus
Feline Leukemia
Virus is also a
retrovirus

42

Viroids & Prions

43

Viroids
Small, circular
RNA molecules
without a protein
coat
Infect plants
Potato famine in
Ireland
Resemble introns
cut out of
eukaryotic
44

Prions

Prions are infectious

proteins
They are normal body
proteins that get
converted into an alternate
configuration by contact
with other prion proteins
They have no DNA or
RNA
The main protein
involved in human and
mammalian prion diseases
is called PrP

45

Prion Diseases
Prions form insoluble
deposits in the brain
Causes neurons to
rapidly degenerate.
Mad cow disease
(bovine spongiform
encephalitis: BSE) is an
example
People in New Guinea
used to suffer from
kuru, which they got
from eating the brains
of their enemies
46

Viral Replication

47

Viral Attack
Viruses are very specific as to
which species they attack
HOST specific
Humans rarely share viral
diseases with other animals
Eukaryotic viruses usually have
protective envelopes made from
the host cell membrane
48

5 Steps of Lytic Cycle

1. Attachment to the cell
2. Penetration (injection) of viral DNA or
RNA
1. translocation-when the whole nonenveloped virus enters the host cell by moving
across the cell membrane.
2. Endocytosis-engulfment of the virus
by the invagination of a section of plasma
membrane
3. Direct Fusion- envelope fuses with the
membrane of the endosome

49

3. Uncoating
4. Transcription
single stranded RNA with (+) polarity can
directly bind to ribosomes to synthesize proteins
5. Translation
6. Genome Replication
(Biosynthesis) of new viral proteins and nucleic
acids
DNA viruses replicates inside the nucleus of the
host cell except for poxvirus
RNA viruses - replicates inside the cytoplasm of
host cell.
50

4. Assembly (Maturation) of the

new viruses
5. Release of the new viruses
into the environment (cell lyses)
2 mechanism:
1. cell lysis ( death of
cell/cytolytic effect)
2. budding (cytopathic effect)

51

Bacteriophage Replication
Bacteriophage
inject their
nucleic acid
They lyse
(break open) the
bacterial cell
when replication
is finished
53

Lytic Cycle Review

Attachment

Phage attaches by tail fibers to

Penetration

host cell
Phage lysozyme opens cell wall,
tail sheath contracts to
force tail core and DNA into

cell
Biosynthesis
Maturation
Release

Production of phage DNA

and proteins
Assembly of phage particles
Phage lysozyme breaks cell wall
54

Bacterial
cell wall

Bacterial
chromosome

Capsid

DNA
Capsid

Sheath

1 Attachment:
Phage
attaches to
host cell.

Tail fiber
Base plate
Pin
Cell wall

Tail

Plasma membrane

2 Penetration:

Phage pnetrates
host cell and
injects its DNA.

Sheath contracted

Tail core

3 Merozoites

released into
bloodsteam from
liver may infect
new red blood cells
55

Tail

DNA

4 Maturation:

Viral components
are assembled into
virions.

Capsid

5 Release:

Host cell lyses

and new virions
are released.

Tail fibers

56

One-step Growth Curve

57

Viral Latency
Some viruses have the ability to
become dormant inside the cell
Called latent viruses
They may remain inactive for long
periods of time (years)
Later, they activate to produce
new viruses in response to some
external signal
HIV and Herpes viruses are
examples
58

Lysogenic Cycle
Phage DNA
injected into host cell
Viral DNA joins
host DNA forming a

prophage

When an activation
signal occurs, the
phage DNA starts
replicating
59

Lysogenic Cycle
Viral DNA (part of
prophage) may stay
inactive in host cell for
long periods of time
Replicated during
each binary fission
Over time, many cells
form containing the
prophages
60

Viral Latency
Once a prophage cell is activated, host cell enters the lytic cell
New viruses form a & the cell lyses (bursts)
Virus said to be virulent (deadly)

ACTIVE
STAGE

INACTIVE STAGE
61

Latency in Eukaryotes
Some eukaryotic
viruses remain dormant
for many years in the
nervous system tissues
Chickenpox (caused
by the virus Varicella
zoster) is a childhood
infection
It can reappear later
in life as shingles, a
painful itching rash
limited to small areas
of the body

SHINGLES

62

Latency in Eukaryotes
Herpes viruses also
become latent in the
nervous system

SKIN TO SKIN CONTACT

A herpes infection lasts

for a persons lifetime
Genital herpes (Herpes
Simplex 2)

PASSED AT BIRTH TO
BABY

Cold sores or fever

blisters (Herpes Simplex1)
63

Virulence

VIRUS DESTROYING HOST CELL

Taxonomy of
Viruses

Viral Taxonomy
Family names end in -viridae
Genus names end in -virus
Viral species: A group of viruses
sharing the same genetic information
and ecological niche (host).
Common names are used for species
Subspecies are designated by a
number
66

Viral Taxonomy
Examples

Herpesviridae
Herpesvirus
Human herpes virus 1, HHV 2, HHV 3
Retroviridae
Lentivirus
Human Immunodeficiency Virus 1, HIV 2
67

DNA Viruses HHAPPPy

Single stranded
Parvoviruses

Double stranded DNA Viruses

Papovaviruses
Papilloma virus

Adenoviruses
Herpesviruses
Herpes simplex (HHV 1 & HHV 2)
Herpes zoster (HHV 3) Varicella zoster
Cytomegalo
Epstein-barr

Hepadna(hepatitis B)
Poxviruses
Variola, cowpox, vaccinia
68

Sense strand RNA viruses

Picornaviruses

Togaviruses

Arbovirus
Polio virus
Flavivirus
Rhinovirus
Rubella virus Hepatitis A virus
Hepatitis C virus

Antisense strand RNA Viruses

Orthomyxoviruses
Influenza A, B, C

Paramyxoviruses
Measles virus
Mumps virus

Coronaviruses
Rhabdoviruses
Rabies virus
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Parvoviruses:
Infection with this virus during the
first trimester of pregnancy can
lead to fetal loss, missed and
spontaneous abortion.
Properties of Parvoviruses:
- single stranded DNA
- large inclusion body
- thermostable at 60 centigrade
- stable at pH 3-9
-most members haemagglutinate
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Disease caused by parvoviruses

1.Fifth disease ( erythema infectiosum)
A. primarily a disease of children
B. polyarthritis in adults
2. Spontaneous abortion - Infection with
this virus during the first trimester of
pregnancy can lead to fetal loss, missed
and spontaneous abortion

Papovaviruses:
Small, naked icosahedral viruses
Double stranded DNA
Consist of 4 genera:
a. Papillomavirus
b. Polyomavirus
c. Vacuolating Agent(SV40)
d. JC virus
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A. Papilloma Virus - causes warts at different

sites on the human body.
Human Papilloma Virus

Disease
HPV type
Common warts -2, 7
Plantar warts - 1, 2, 4
Flat cutaneous warts-3, 10
Anogenital warts- 6, 11, 42, 43, 44, 55 and others
Genital cancers- 16, 18, 31, 33, 35, 39, 45, 51
Epidermodysplasia verruciformismore than 15 types
Focal epithelial hyperplasia (oral) -13, 326, 7, 11, 16, 32

prepared by: avpamplona-RMT

Human Papilloma Virus

Epidemiology:
(ds DNA Virus)

1. Man is the only known host

2. MOT direct contact
Pathogenesis
Replication occurs in the epithelial cells of the
skin, virus causes benign neoplasm.
Clinical features:
Papilloma no.16 associated with cervical
carcinoma
Common wart- condyloma acummatum
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Papillomavirus Warts!

75

Skin warts

prepared by: avpamplona-RMT

Skin warts

prepared by: avpamplona-RMT

Skin warts

Flat warts on the

neck
prepared by: avpamplona-RMT

Genital warts

prepared by: avpamplona-RMT

Genital warts

prepared by: avpamplona-RMT

Anal warts

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Cervical cancer

prepared by: avpamplona-RMT

B. Polyoma virus

-causes different malignancies in several animal species

C. Vacoulating Acents
- a simian virus (SV40) causes tumors when inoculated
into newborn animals
D. JC virus
- has been isolated from immunocompromised
individuals and from the brains of patients with
progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy
- Most humans have specific antibody against the JC
virus

A. Herpesviruses:
Consist of more than 80 viruses
Icosahedral enveloped virions
Double stranded linear DNA genomes
Common herpes human virus
Herpes simplex (HHV 1 & HHV 2)
Herpes zoster (HHV 3)
Varicella zoster
Cytomegalo
Epstein-barr
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1. Herpes Hominis Simplex Virus:

Herpes simplex virus exists in 2

serologically related but
distinguishable types:
a. HSV-1=infects regions of body
above waist
b.HSV-2=affects the genital and
anal regions
prepared by: avpamplona-RMT

1. Herpes hominis
(simplex) serotypes 1&2

Epidemiology:
Man is the only known natural host
Most have been infected by the 1, many adults
by type 2.
Spread through close contact
Clinical Features:
1. Primary herpes hominis:
-an acute illness commonly seen in young
children
- characterized by fever small vesicular lesions
of mouth, lips face conjunctiva

prepared by: avpamplona-RMT

2. recurrent or secondary herpes simplex

-fever blister; cold sores a vesicoulcerative rash which may be triggered by
trauma, emotional disturbances, menses,
fever
3. Disseminated herpes hominis:
-neonatal herpes a rare illness of early
infancy characterized by a high fever,
jaundice and encephalitis.

Diseases caused by herpes simplex

virus
Neonatal herpes
Aseptic Meningitis
Keratoconjunctivitis
Keratitis
Prostitis
Encephalitis
Acute herpetic rhinitis
Arthritis
Traumatic herpes
Necrotic cervicitis
Eczema
Herpes labialis
Primary herpetic dermatitis

prepared by: avpamplona-RMT

prepared by: avpamplona-RMT

prepared by: avpamplona-RMT

prepared by: avpamplona-RMT

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B. Varicella virus is the etiological agent

of 2 diseases of man:
a. varicella zoster
MOT - primary exogenous/direct contact
with the causative virus
- inhalation of infective aerosols or direct
contact
b. herpes zosterMOT -reflects endogenous activation of
varicella-zoster virus infection that has
survived in latent form following an attack
of varicella
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Varicella zoster is ubiquitous, and

contagious.
The disease is commonly known as
chickenpox
Clinical Features
- Skin rashes progressing from macules to
papules to vesicles. Pustules do not develop
but there is scarring.
- The lessions appear in successive crops
over 3 to 4 days.
- The lesions are distributed chiefly on the
trunk and face.
prepared by: avpamplona-RMT

Varicella-Zoster Virus:

prepared by: avpamplona-RMT

Herpes zoster is an endemic sporadic disease, most

frequent in elderly people most of whom give a history of
having had varicella.
The disease is commonly known as shingles
Pathogenesis:
The virus persists in cells of the root ganglia after an attack
of varicella and is activated later with resultant
inflammatory reaction along the nerve followed by
destruction of the epithelial cells served by that nerve.
Clinical features
Erythematous maculopopular lesions develop on the
trunk with band-like pattern
A disseminated form of disease is sometimes seen in
patients who have received immunosuppressive therapy
or radiotherapy

Immune Response:
Primary infection with varicellazoster virus always results into
long lasting immunity to exogenous
reinfection with varicella but may
also cause endogenous reactivation
of varicella-zoster into herpes
zoster or shingles

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Epstein-Barr Virus
Clinical Features
-Man is the natural host
- Infection is most common in young adults
- Incidence of infection is high
-MOT inhalation of infective aerosol during
close personal association
- can cause glandular fever which is also
known as infectious mononucleosis
characterized by fever, lymphadenopathy,
sore throat, malaise and fatigue
Also associated with Burkitts Lymphoma and
nasopharyngeal carcinoma

Epstein-Barr Virus:

prepared by: avpamplona-RMT

Cytomegalovirus
Clinical Features
Usually found in the salivary glands or renal tubules.
Swollen with enlarged nucleus distended by a huge
acidophilic inclusion
Transplacental transmission of virus is significant
-Intrauterine infections may cause death of the fetus
or result in congenital disease which is frequently fatal.
In those who survive, hepatosplenomegaly with jaundice,
mental retardation can be observed.
-Postnatal infections are usually asymptomatic in
infants and children but occasionally with hepatitis,
pneumonitis and acquired hemolytic anemia.

Cytomegalovirus:

prepared by: avpamplona-RMT

Poxviridae:
Causative agent of small pox
Salient characters of poxviruses:
-large, brick shape
-double stranded DNA
-contains 20 antigen
-nucleoprotein antigen
- virions contains many enzymes
( RNA polymerase)
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1.
Small
Pox
Clinical Features
Man is the only natural host

- MOT inhalation of infective aerosols through

personal association or by contaminated fomites - --

Disease has been eradicated from the planet after the

development of pox vaccine

Treatment
Methisazone, which is of value prophylactically is also
useful in treating dermal complications following
vaccination. It blocks synthesis of certain viral proteins
thus inhibiting viral replication.

prepared by: avpamplona-RMT

prepared by: avpamplona-RMT

prepared by: avpamplona-RMT

prepared by: avpamplona-RMT

2. Molluscum contagiosum
Infection probably occurs through
minor abrasions and in swimming pools
Clinical Features:
Multiple discrete benign tumors
appear on the skin anywhere except
on the palms and soles; the lesions
last for several months andthen
disappear spontaneously

Adenovirus

COMMON COLD
112

Adenoviruses
Properties of the group
1. naked viruses which have an
icosahedral nucleocapsid, contain
double-stranded DNA and replicate
in the nucleus
2. there are more than 40 human
serotypes, some cause tumors in
animals.

Clinical Features:

A. Pharyngo-conjunctival fever

1. particularly common in military recruits; in general

population, only about 5% of all respiratory illness is caused by
adenoviruses.
2. Mode of transmission is via infective aerosols or fresh
fomites
3. bronchitis and pneumonia usually occur(infants)

B. Epidemic keratoconjunctivitis
1.associated with serotype 8
2.outbreaks in certain industries are associated with minor
ocular trauma resulting from dusty atmosphere
C. Hemmorhagic cystitis ( children)

Viral Hepatitis
Viral hepatitis are caused by hepatitis
A,B,C,D,or E.
The diagnosis of hepatitis in the laboratory
is dependent on the immunologic detection
of specific antibodies or antigens. This is
useful for designating the stage of
infection and for prognosis

Clinical Features of hepatitis Viruses

Virus

Mode of transmission

Chronic
carriers

Laboratory Test

HAV

Feco-oral

IgM HAV

HBV

Blood;sexual,birth

HBSAg;HbsAb,IgM;HBcA
b

HCV

Blood;sexual

HCV ab

HDV

Blood;sexual

Ab to delta Ag

HEV

Feco-oral

Anti-HEV

1. Hepatitis A virus (HAV) or

Infectious hepatitis
HAV is a non-enveloped enterovirus belonging to the
picornavirus
The virus shed in the stool two weeks before the onset of
symptoms ( fever, anorexia, vomiting jaundice followed
by dark urine and pale feces.
Most cases are self limiting, resolving in 2 to 4 weeks.
HAV outbreaks are common in poor and unsanitary living
conditions, schools and crowded institutions.
Most HAV infections are asymptomic and are detected by
the presence of IgG antibody
IgM antibody assay is useful for diagnosis of current
infection
Incubation period: 10-50 days

Hepatitis B ( serum hepatitis)

Enveloped virus with incomplete circular doublestranded DNA
Acute infection is usually symptomatic and may
proceed to massive hepatic injury and death.
Persist in chronic state; most infants born with
HBV become chronic carriers.
Chronic HBV infection is associated with
progressive hepatic damage leading to chronic
hepatitis and liver cirrhosis
HBV cirrhosis is a risk factor for hepato - cellular
carcinoma.
Incubation period: 50-180 days

There are three important antigens in HBV

A. surface antigen ( HBsAg)
B. core antigen (HBcAg)
C. E antigen (HBeAg)
The presence of antibodies to HBsAg and HBeAg
indicates immunity to HBV infection because of
previous infection.
The presence of HBsAg in the serum for prolonged
period of time indicate that these persons are
carriers
The window period in HBV infection occurs
when the HBsAg disappears and antibodies to the
surface antigen are produced

3. Hepatitis C virus (HCV) or

transfusion hepatitis or Non-A non-B
hepatitis
Infection with hepa C is associated with chronic
hepatitis and hepatocellular carcinoma
Most infection with hepa C result in a chronic carrier
state
Most common viral hepatitis that can be transmitted via
blood transfusion, sexual and vertical transmission.
Incubation period: 50-180 days

Hepatitis D virus (HDV)

or delta hepatitis
Delta D antigen in HDV does not cause disease
on its own. It needs the hepa B virus surface
antigen
HDV replicate within cells infected by HBV
( superinfection or coinfection)
Chronic hepatitis and carrier state may
likewise occur.

Hepatitis E virus (HEV)

or enteric non-A non-B hepatitis
HEV is a single stranded RNA, non-enveloped virus.
Clinically resembles hepa A but serologically
different to hepa A.
Does not cause chronic liver disease but pregnant
patient may have high mortality rate
Endemic in India & southeast Asia where there is
poor sanitation.

Animal RNA viruses can be placed into

about four different groups depending on
their modes of replication. The polarity of
the RNA largely determines the replicative
mechanism, as well as whether the genetic
material is single-stranded or doublestranded. Some RNA viruses are actually
DNA based but use an RNA-intermediate to
replicate. RNA viruses are dependent on
virally encoded RNA replicase to create
copies of their genomes.
prepared by: avpamplona-RMT

RNA
Viruses

copyright cmassengale

124

I. ArboViruses: arthropod-borne
viral diseases
Most Arboviruses belong to the following 4
families:
1. togaviridae
2. flaviviridae
3. bunyaviridae
4. reoviridae
Togaviridae
Enveloped ssRNA viruses with +mRNA
genome
Most arboviruses are antigenic groups A or B.

A.

1. Arbovirus encephalitis

Usual reservior is birds

Vector is mosquito
Clinical findings: fever, chills,
headache, wide spread muscular
aches, drowsiness, paralysis, coma
and death

2. Yellow Fever
Natural host is the monkey
Vector: aedes mosquito
2 forms of yellow fever: the urban and
jungle
Urban type Yellow fever-man is the main
reservior-transmission cycle is manmosquito-man
Jungle type monkey is the main reservior
* Outstanding feature in cases of yellow
fever is the extend damage to liver and
kidney in severe cases

3. Dengue
The onset of illness is characterized by
fever, chills headache, conjunctivitis,
severe pain in the back, muscle and joints
(break-bone fever)
Fever often falls then rises again within a
week (saddle back curve)
Dengue hemorrhagic fever is a severe
disease with a 10% mortality which occurs
in individuals who have passive maternal
antibody or have recovered from a
previous attack by different dengue
serotype.

4. Rubella virus

Enveloped virus;ssRNA
Replicates in the cytoplasm
Classified as togavirus however it is
not arthropod-borne disease but
droplet spread is the MOT

Rubella:
Also known as German Measles
Acquisition of infection by the mother in the first
trimester of pregnancy is serious and can cause
congenital rubella
Member of genus Rubivirus, family Togaviridae
RNA virus with an envelope
Icosahedral symmetry
Glycoprotein surface projection
Stable at 4centigrade and pH 6-8
Has 4 types of antigen

Clinical feature of
postnatal rubella
There is enlargement of lymph nodes
with conjunctivitis, followed by a fine
macular rash; slight fever may occur
The main risk of this infection is that
may occur in anon-immune woman
during the first trimester of pregnancy
with serious consequences for the
fetus.

Clinical Features of
prenatal Rubella

The risk of congenital malformation is

greatest when the mother is infected during
the first trimester of pregnancy
One or more of the following features
present
blindness
Deafness
Congenital hear defects
Mental retardation

II. Picornaviridae:
One of the largest families of human
pathogens
Considered as the smallest RNA viruses
Single stranded RNA
Nonenveloped, icosahedral
RNA constitute one-third of virion
Resistant to low pH (pH 3)
Resistant to 70% alcohol

Genus of Picornaviridae:

1.

Enterovirus
Groups:
a. polioviruses
b. coxsakievirus
c. echovirus
d. enterovirus
2. Rhinovirus

1. Enteroviruses
Properties of the group
1. Naked viruses icosahedral nucleocapsid,
contain single-stranded RNA and replicate in the
cytoplasm
2. there are 4 subgroups: polioviruses;
coxsackieviruses;echoviruses and hepa A
Pathology
Most infections are subclinical
Virus multiplies first in the Pharnyx, small
intestines and local lymph nodes
Viremia follows with spread of spread of virus to
the brain and spinal cord

--

a. Polioviruses
Clinical disease:
a. most cases are subclinical
b. aseptic menigitis
c.poliomyelitis an acute disease which
causes flaccid paralysis. The virus
replicates in may cells in the body. The
target cells are the motor neurons in
the CNS where destructions causes
paralysis

Measles virus

Polio Virus

b. Coxsackieviruses
Infection may be in apparent or result in illness
ranging in severity as far as lethal disease. Several
different forms of illness can develop as follows:
1. Herpangina (vesicular Pharyungitis) is the
commonest manifestation of infection by Aserotypes
2. aseptic meningitis can be caused by some Aserotype or any B-serotypes.
3. Myocarditis or pericarditis can occur in infants
from B-serotypes infection and B-serotypes
occasionally cause a myocardiopathy in children or
adults.

c. Echoviruses
Clinical Features:
1. Meningitis is common; permanent
paralysis is very rare
2. skin rashes, pharyngitis and fever may
occur
3. Echoviruses are a cause of a cold-like
disease
4.Gastroenteritis and infantile diarrhea
have been associated with echovirus
infections

III. Orthomyxoviridae:
This is the family of influenza viruses.
3 Genera:
a. Influenza A
b. Influenza B
c. Influenza C
The influenza virus has densely arranged
radial projections over its envelope which
have 2 distinct morphologies:
Haemagglutinin (HA)
and Nueraminidase (NA)

Type and Strain:

The influenza viruses A, B, and C are
further subdivided into number of
subtypes and the subtypes into strains.
The strain differ in their surface antigen
When major changes occur in HA or NA
antigen, these are called antigenic
shift.
Minor variations which occur frequently
are known antigenic drifts

IV. Paramyxoviruses
Enveloped viruses, helica nucleocapsid, contain
single stranded RNA and replicated in the cytoplasm
The measles virus is known to replicate in both
nucleus and cytoplasm
Pleomorphic virion
Helical in shape
Haemagglutinin present in envelope
Single molecule RNA
Transcriptase in virion
Sensitive to lipid solvents

Paramyxoviridae:
GENUS
Paramyxovirus
Morbillivirus
Pneumovirus

VIRUS
Parainfluenza Virus
Mumps Virus
Measles Virus
Respiratory Syncytial virus

1. Parainfluenza Virus

Causes variety of upper and

lower respiratory tract illness;
cold-like ills; pharyngitis;
bronchitis and pneumonia
Young children cause acute
laryngotracheobronchitis

2. Respiratory Syncytial
(RSV) Infection
Infant severe necrotizing
bronchiolitis
RSV is the most common cause of
viral pneumonia in infants
Reinfection occurs commonly, but is
usually mild and confined to the
upper respiratory tract, frequently
resulting in the common cold
syndrome

3. MUMPS

1. sudden onset of swelling of the

parotid glands usually bilateral.
2. submaxillary and sublingual
glands may also be involved
3. inflammation of the testis often
occurs in males past puberty, but
testicular atrophy or sterility is rare
4. meningitis is a relatively common
complication

4. Measles
1. cytopathic effect = multinucleated
giant cell with non-specific cytoplasmic
and nuclear inclusions
2. prodromal signs are photopobia,
fever; cough;conjunctivitis and
appearance of Kopliks spots in the
mouth
3. Viremia
4. After 3 days the rash starts on the
head and spreads to chest, trunk and
limbs in the next day or two the rash
disappears slowly

6. complications are fairly common and

sometimes severe otitis media;
pneumonia
7. Subacute sclerosing panencephalitis
may be a post infection sequel
8. May be transient depressiomn of cell
mediated immunity during infections.

V. Rhabdoviridae:

Rabies virus belongs to this family

It causes hydrophobia in man
Primarily disease of animals who
can transmit it to man through their
bite.
It affects the CNS
Presence of Negri Bodies

Rhabdoviruses
Properties of the group
Bullet-shaped enveloped viruses,
which contain single-stranded RNA,
have a helical nucleocapsid
Replicate in the cytoplasm and are
released by budding

1. Rabies
Epidemiology:
Natural host: mammals & bats]
MOT inoculation (bite)
Pathogenesis:
Virus spread along nerves to the CNS
Cause destruction of nerve cells
Treatment
1. Detain animal for observation
2. wound must be thoroughly cleansed
3. Inject rabies immune globulins into the wound and
IM
4. start the vaccine immediately at another site

VI. Rotavirus:
Rotavirus is the causative agent of
infantile gastroenteritis throughout
the world.
The name was derived from Latin
word Rota which means wheel.
The rotaviruses belong to genus
Rotavirus within the family
Rotaviridae.

Clinical Feature:
Diarrhea accompanied occasionally
by vomiting and usually fever
manifests after an incubation
period of 2-3 days and last 4-7
days.
May cause dehaydration and
convulsion in children.

VI. Rhinoviruses

Properties:
Naked icosahedral viruses,ssRNA
Serotypes:
More than 100 serotypes are known
-1. common cause of common cold
(rhinitis)
* Usually remain localized in the nasal
mucosa

VII. Coronaviruses

Enveloped helical RNA viruses

Common cold-like disease in
adult but not an important
cause of acute respiratory
illness in children

VIII. Reoviruses

Naked icosahedral viruses,dsRNA

Isolated from feces and respiratory
secretions of healthy persons as
well as from patients with a variety
of illness ex. Rhinitis
Cause gastroenteritis in human
infants and lower animal

IX Caliciviridae

Norwalk agent
ssRNA virus
Associated with epidemic acute
gastroenteritis in children and
adults

RNA Viruses: Retro Virus

HIV Human Immune Virus/AIDS acquired Immune
Deficiency Syndrome

Morphology:
HIV comprises of icosahedral core with
an RNA genome and surrounded by an
envelope
It has 3 antigens:
a. core antigen
b. envelope antigen
c. RT antigen

Causative Agents of AIDS

- HTLV-III- Human T-Lymphotrophic virus
type III or LAV(French Name)
- ARV Aids Related Virus
_AIDS Virus
Three Outcomes that can result from
infection with the HTLV-III virus:
A. actual development of AIDS
B. Development of condition-AIDSRelated Complex(ARC)
C. asymptomatic infection
copyright cmassengale

165

Nature of Infection:
Once a person gets infected with HIV,
the virus get integrated into the host
chromosome and the infection persist
Transmission:
Direct contact-sexual intercourse
Blood transfusion
Transplacental
IV drug addicts Via breast milk

Symptoms:
1. Prolonged fatigue not due to physical
activities or other disorders
2. Persistent fever or night sweat.
3. Persistent , unexplained cough
4. Thick whitish hai-rlike coating in the throat
or on the tongue
5. Unexplained bleeding
6. Recent appearance of discolored or purplish
lesions of the mucous membranes or skin that
do not go away and slowly increase in size.
copyright cmassengale

167

7. Chronic diarrhea
8. Shortness of breath
9. Unexplained lymphadenopathy
that has persisted over three
months.
10. Unexplained weight loss of ten
or more pounds in less than two
months
copyright cmassengale

168

Opportunistic Infections:
1. Cancers Kaposis sarcoma-primary
lymphoma of the brain
2. Pneumonia parasitic infectionPneumocystis carinii
3. candidiasis/histoplasmosis fungal
infection caused by candida albicans &
Histoplasma capsulatum
4. Viral Infections herpes, hepatitis ,CMV

copyright cmassengale

169

Incubation period:
Between 1-10 years
Therapy and Prophylaxis:
No vaccine is available
AZT (Azidothymidine)

Electron micrograph of HIV

Slow Viruses
Disease caused by viruses and virus-like
agents belonging to different taxonomic
groups and linked together by the fact
that they are all characterized by
spongiform encephalopathy and long
incubation period
Agents: PRIONS ( small proteinaceous
infectious particles)

1. Subacute Sclerosing
Panecephalitis(SSPE)

Infectious measles virus has been

isolated from brain tissue and
lymph nodes of affected
individuals with history of measles
2. Progressive Multifocal
Leukoencephalopathy A rare
disease of the CNS. Papovirus JC
has been isolated from affected
tissues

3. Creutzfeld-Jakob disease
A rare disease of the CNS which has
been transmitted to chimpanzes by
inoculation of material from brains of
patients
4. Multiple Sclerosis A CNS disease
suspected to be of viral etiology. There
is serological evidence suggesting that
measles virus may be involved.

Viruses and Human Cancer

1. Burkitts lymphoma epstein-barr herpes
virus
2. nasopharyngeal carcinoma EB herpes
virus
3.carcinoma of the uterine cervix papilloma
virus serotype 16 (cervical cancer
4. Hepatocellular carcinoma hepa B virus
cause primary carcinoma of the liver
5. kaposis sarcoma
HIV ( retrovirus) associated with kaposis
sarcoma & AIDS

Treatment for Viral

Disease
177

Interference with viral replication

1. Interferon a group of protein made by host cells in
response to viruses
*Biologic activities of interferon
1. antiviral
2. inhibition of cell growth
3. immune modulation NK; macrophage activation
2. Specific antibody
1. IgG;A;M
2. neutralize by interfering with viral functions of viral
capsid oe envelope proteins. Antibodies block
absoption;penetration;uncoating
3. Chemical Inhibitors
Ex. Amantadine-for influenza virus,inhibits viral replication
acyclovir- inhibits DNA ploymerase, herpes virus
Ribavirin interferes with viral mRNa

Vaccines
An attenuated virus is a weakened, less
vigorous virus
Attenuate" refers to procedures that
weaken an agent of disease (heating)
A vaccine against a viral disease can be
made from an attenuated, less virulent
strain of the virus
Attenuated virus is capable of stimulating
an immune response and creating immunity,
but not causing illness
179

Viral Immunotheraphy and prophylaxis

I. Active, artificial immunity
1. MMR measles,mumps rubella-live attenuated
2. Polio live attenuated
3, rabies inactive
4.Yellow fever live attenuated
5.influenza inactive
6. adenovirus - active
7. togavirus - inactive
8. chicken pox live attenuated
9. hepatitis B- inactive -

II. Passive Artificial immunity use

of immune serum or gamma globulin.
Use only under special circumstances:
Effective in disease prevention
Ex. Rabies, rubella, hepatitis A and B,
mumps;
Chicken pox; polio

Cultivation of Viruses:

1.
2.
3.

Laboratory animals
Embryonated eggs
Cell lines:
3 types of cell lines:
a. Primary cell culture- 5-10 division
b. Diploid cell strain-cen undergo much
more cell division thatn primary cell
culture before dying out
c. Continous cell line-immortal cell
lines

prepared by: avpamplona-RMT