Equipment For X - & Gamma Ray Radiography
Equipment For X - & Gamma Ray Radiography
Equipment For X - & Gamma Ray Radiography
GAMMA RAY
RADIOGRAPHY
EM SPECTRUM
Generation of X-Rays
Electron
stream
e
Target atom
Scattered
electron
e
X-rays
Three
requirements
basic
A source of electrons
a heated filament
Hot
Bod
y
A means of directing
and accelerating the
electrons
a high voltage supply
High positive
charge
++
++
++
++
A
target
for
the
electrons to bombard
Catho
a heavy metal
de
Anode
electron
s
Mechanism of X-ray
Production
When the target is bombarded with
high-speed electrons, two kinds of
interactions occur, thus producing
two type of X-rays.
Characteristic X-rays
Continuous or Bremsstrahlung X-rays
Generation of characteristic
X-ray
Higher energy
ring
Lower energy
ring
High-speed
electron
++
++
++
Xray
Lower energy
ring
++
++
++
-
High-speed
electron
Xray
X-ray Spectrum
X-ray Equipment
X-ray
comprises
elements:
equipment
three
main
X-ray
X-ray
tube
tube
Regulat
Regulat
ors
ors
An X-ray tube:
Emit radiation;
Transformers:
Convert the mains voltage
and current to the type
required by the X-ray tube;
Regulators:
Control the voltage and
current.
Contr
Contr
ol
ol unit
unit
Transfor
Transfor
mers
mers
X-Ray Tube
Electron
stream
Evacuated glass
envelope
Focusing cup
Copper
anode
Tungsten target
Tungsten filament
X-rays
Tube Head
To prevent X-rays from becoming a hazard
and create scattered radiation problem, the
X-ray tube is shielded with lead (the
window remains unshielded).
The tube head usually contains the X-ray
tube,
high
voltage
and
filament
transformers and insulating oil or gas.
In addition, metal casing is earthed to
reduce possible electrical hazards due to
the high voltage used.
Focal Spot
The focal spot in an X-ray tube is the projected
beam from the focal area of the target which,
when bombarded by electrons, produces the Xrays.
The small focal spot requirement increases the
quality of radiograph by improving the definition.
Cross section
of electron
beam
Focal spot
anticathode
Surface of optical
focus
Tube Window
The X-ray beam emerges from the
tube through a window.
The window is usually made of a less
radiation absorbent material such as
a light metal of low atomic number.
e.g. Beryllium
Duty Cycle
The duty cycle is generally expressed as a
percentage of exposure time versus total time.
100% means continuous service.
50% means that it is necessary to provide equal rest
time after each exposure and so on.
By following the duty cycle as specified for a
particular tube, the life of the X-ray tube can be
lengthened.
Tube life depends on the effectiveness of its cooling.
Tube life can be increased by Preheating (Warm up).
Transformers
A transformer is a device for changing
the voltage of alternating current to a
higher or lower voltage.
Generally, two transformers are required
for X-ray equipment.
i.
ii.
110
Milliammeter
Voltmeter
AC
Main
Choke coil
Filament
transformer
X-ray
Tube Voltage
Usually expressed in kV
It determines the penetrating power or
energy of the X-ray
An increase in the tube voltage increases
the speed of the electrons striking the target
Then, produce short wavelength (high
energy) X-rays
Tube voltage can control by adjusting kV
knob on the control panel
Tube Current
Usually expressed in mA
It determines the current flowing
from the cathode to the anode
It is indicated by milli-ammeter on
the control panel
Tube current controls the intensity of
the X-ray beam
Exposure Time
The length of time during which
radiation is emitted is called
exposure time.
It is recorded and controlled by an
interlocked timer on the control
panel
2 mA
INTENSITY
INTENSITY
4 mA
50
kV
20
kV
10
kV
WAVELENGTH
WAVELENGTH
Type of Radioisotopes
radioisotopes most commonly used
for radiography purposes are Ir-192,
Co 60 and Cs-137.
Energy
o Energy of Gamma rays from the source must be
sufficient to penetrate the thickness of the
specimen
Half life
o The source should have half-life long enough to
complete the job.
Availability
o The source should be easily available and
preferably at low cost.
D type Unit
Suitable for pipe radiography (DWSI)
Available with capacities up to 7.5 Ci of Ir-192 or 1 Ci of
Cs-137
The unit can be clamped onto a pipe with the help of a
chain and can also be rotated to any desired position
when required.
Radiu
m
Ra226
Cesiu
m
Cs137
Iridiu
m
Ir-192
Half-life
5.3 y
1600 y
30 y
74 d
130 y
30 d
Energy
(MeV)
1.25
1.22
0.66
0.355
0.072
0.053
X-ray
equivalent
(MeV)
2-3
1-2
0.6 1.5
0.3 0.8
0.1 0.3
0.1 - 0.4
Radiation Level
RHM/Curie
1.33
0.83
0.37
0.5
0.0025
0.125
Optimum
thickness range
(mm) of Steel
50200
10-70
2.5-12
2.5-12
Isotope
50-150 20-100
Thuliu
Ytterbi
m
um
TmYb-169
170
Electrical power
required
Safety
supervision
Required during
operation
At all time
Weight and
dimensions
Manipulation for
Setting up time
source positioning consuming and difficult
Based on manipulation
Radiation hazards
Continuous hazards
Radiation
penetration
Radiation
intensity
High
Low
Focal spot
Shape of beam
Unidirectional and
Panoramic
Unidirectional and
Panoramic
THANK
YOU!