Lecture 8

Review of the previous lecture
The goal of firms is to maximize profit, which equals total revenue minus
total cost.
When analyzing a firms behavior, it is important to include all the opportunity

costs of production.
Some opportunity costs are explicit while other opportunity costs are implicit.
A firms costs reflect its production process.
Linear production function: inputs are perfect substitutes.
Review of the previous lecture
Leontief production function: inputs are used in fixed proportions.
Cobb-Douglas production function: inputs have a degree of substitutability.
A typical firms production function gets flatter as the quantity of input

increases, displaying the property of diminishing marginal product.
Lecture 8
The Costs of Production- II

Instructor: Prof.Dr.Qaisar Abbas
Course code: ECO 400
Lecture Outline
1. Various Measures of Cost
2. Costs in the Short Run and in the Long Run
The Various Measures of Cost

Costs of production may be divided into fixed costs and variable costs.
Fixed costs are those costs that do not vary with the quantity of output
produced.
Variable costs are those costs that do vary with the quantity of output
produced.
Total Costs
Total Fixed Costs (TFC)
Total Variable Costs (TVC)
Total Costs (TC)
TC = TFC + TVC

Average Costs
Average costs can be determined by dividing the firms costs by the quantity of
output it produces.
The average cost is the cost of each typical unit of product.
Average Costs
Average Fixed Costs (AFC)
Average Variable Costs (AVC)
F ix e d c o s t F C
AFC
Q u a n tity
Q
AV C
V a ria b le c o s t V C
Q u a n tity
Q
Average Total Costs (ATC)
T o ta l c o s t T C
A TC
Q u a n tity
Q
ATC = AFC + AVC

Marginal Cost
Marginal cost (MC) measures the increase in total cost that arises from
an extra unit of production.
( c h a n g e in to ta l c o s t) T C
M C
(c h a n g e in q u a n tity )
Q
Marginal cost helps answer the following question:
How much does it cost to produce an additional unit of output?

The Various Measures of Cost: Lemonade Stand
Marginal Cost: Lemonade Stand

Total-Cost Curves

Average-Cost and Marginal-Cost Curves
Cost Curves and Their Shapes

Marginal cost rises with the amount of output produced.
This reflects the property of diminishing marginal product.

The average total-cost curve is U-shaped.
At very low levels of output average total cost is high because fixed cost is
spread over only a few units.
Average total cost declines as output increases.
Average total cost starts rising because average variable cost rises
substantially.
The bottom of the U-shaped ATC curve occurs at the quantity that minimizes
average total cost. This quantity is sometimes called the efficient scale of the
firm.

Relationship between Marginal Cost and Average Total Cost
Whenever marginal cost is less than average total cost, average total cost is
falling.
Whenever marginal cost is greater than average total cost, average total cost
is rising.
The marginal-cost curve crosses the average-total-cost curve at the efficient
scale.
scale
Efficient scale is the quantity that minimizes average total cost.

Typical Cost Curves

It is now time to examine the relationships that exist between the different
measures of cost
Example: Bagel Cost Curves
Typical Cost Curves
Typical Cost Curves
Three Important Properties of Cost Curves

Marginal cost eventually rises with the quantity of output.
The average-total-cost curve is U-shaped.
The marginal-cost curve crosses the average-total-cost curve at the
minimum of average total cost.
Costs In The Short Run And In The Long Run

For many firms, the division of total costs between fixed and variable costs
depends on the time horizon being considered.
In the short run, some costs are fixed.
In the long run, fixed costs become variable costs.
Because many costs are fixed in the short run but variable in the long
run, a firms long-run cost curves differ from its short-run cost curves.

Average Total Cost in the Short and Long Run

Economies and Diseconomies of Scale
Economies of scale refer to the property whereby long-run average total cost
falls as the quantity of output increases.
Diseconomies of scale refer to the property whereby long-run average total

cost rises as the quantity of output increases.
Constant returns to scale refers to the property whereby long-run average

total cost stays the same as the quantity of output

Average Total Cost in the Short and Long Run
Summary
Average total cost is total cost divided by the quantity of output.
Marginal cost is the amount by which total cost would rise if output were increased
by one unit.
The marginal cost always rises with the quantity of output.
Average cost first falls as output increases and then rises.
The average-total-cost curve is U-shaped.
The marginal-cost curve always crosses the average-total-cost curve at the

minimum of ATC.
A firms costs often depend on the time horizon being considered.
In particular, many costs are fixed in the short run but variable in the long run.

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Review of the previous lecture

When analyzing a firms behavior, it is important to include all the opportunity

A firms costs reflect its production process.

Linear production function: inputs are perfect substitutes.

Review of the previous lecture

Leontief production function: inputs are used in fixed proportions.

Cobb-Douglas production function: inputs have a degree of substitutability.

A typical firms production function gets flatter as the quantity of input

The Costs of Production- II

1. Various Measures of Cost

2. Costs in the Short Run and in the Long Run

The Various Measures of Cost

The Various Measures of Cost

The average cost is the cost of each typical unit of product.

Average Fixed Costs (AFC)

Average Variable Costs (AVC)

Average Total Costs (ATC)

ATC = AFC + AVC

The Various Measures of Cost

The Various Measures of Cost

The Various Measures of Cost

Marginal Cost: Lemonade Stand

The Various Measures of Cost

The Various Measures of Cost

Cost Curves and Their Shapes

Average-Cost and Marginal-Cost Curves

Cost Curves and Their Shapes

Cost Curves and Their Shapes

Average-Cost and Marginal-Cost Curves

Cost Curves and Their Shapes

Cost Curves and Their Shapes

Typical Cost Curves

Typical Cost Curves

Typical Cost Curves

Three Important Properties of Cost Curves

Costs In The Short Run And In The Long Run

In the long run, fixed costs become variable costs.

Costs In The Short Run And In The Long Run

Costs In The Short Run And In The Long Run

Diseconomies of scale refer to the property whereby long-run average total

Constant returns to scale refers to the property whereby long-run average

Costs In The Short Run And In The Long Run

Average total cost is total cost divided by the quantity of output.

The marginal cost always rises with the quantity of output.

Average cost first falls as output increases and then rises.

The average-total-cost curve is U-shaped.

The marginal-cost curve always crosses the average-total-cost curve at the

A firms costs often depend on the time horizon being considered.

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