ch02 Forouzanv2
ch02 Forouzanv2
ch02 Forouzanv2
Network Models
2.1
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21LAYEREDTASKS
We use the concept of layers in our daily life. As an
example, let us consider two friends who communicate
through postal mail. The process of sending a letter to a
friend would be complex if there were no services
available from the post office.
2.2
Figure 2.1
2.3
22THEOSIMODEL
Established in 1947, the International Standards Organization
(ISO) is a multinational body dedicated to worldwide agreement on
international standards. An ISO standard that covers all aspects of
network communications is the Open Systems Interconnection
(OSI) model. It was first introduced in the late 1970s.
The seven-layer OSI model provides guidelines for the
development of universally compatible network protocol.
Topics discussed in this section:
Layered Architecture
Peer-to-Peer Processes
Encapsulation
2.4
2.5
2.6
2.7
2.8
2.9
Encapsulation
2.10
23LAYERSINTHEOSIMODEL
In this section we briefly describe the functions of each
layer in the OSI model.
Physical Layer
2.12
2.13
2.14
2.15
2.16
2.17
Network Layer
2.18
Example: IP address
2.19
2.20
Router B uses its routing table to find the next hop (in this
example is router E)
The network layer at B, therefore sends the packet to the
networks layer at E.
2.21
Transport Layer
2.22
The transport layer ensures that the whole message arrives intact
and in order, overseeing both error control and flow control at the
source-to-destination level.
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2.24
Session Layer
2.25
2.26
Presentation layer
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2.28
Application Layer
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2.30
2.31
24TCP/IPPROTOCOLSUITE
The layers in the TCP/IP protocol suite do not exactly
match those in the OSI model. The original TCP/IP
protocol suite was defined as having four layers: host-tonetwork, internet, transport, and application. However,
when TCP/IP is compared to OSI, we can say that the
TCP/IP protocol suite is made of five layers: physical,
data link, network, transport, and application.
Topics discussed in this section:
Physical and Data Link Layers
Network Layer
Transport Layer
Application Layer
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2.33
2.34
OSI
OSI is strictly a model with
no implementation
OSI is virtually unused
today
OSI is copyrighted
OSI is de jure standard
Consists of 7 distinct layers
TCP/IP
TCP/IP is a protocol suite with
an associated stack
TCP/IP is in widespread use
TCP/IP is a de facto, free
standard
TCP/IP is the basis of the
Internet
Consists of 5 layers:
Application, Transport ,
Network Layer (also called
the Internet layer), Logical
Link Control (or Network
Interface Layer/Data Link
Layer) and Medium Access
Control
2.35
25ADDRESSING
Four levels of addresses are used in an internet employing
the TCP/IP protocols: physical, logical, port, and specific.
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2.37
2.38
Example 2.1
In Figure 2.19 a node with physical address 10 sends a
frame to a node with physical address 87. The two nodes
are connected by a link (bus topology LAN). As the
figure shows, the computer with physical address 10 is
the sender, and the computer with physical address 87 is
the receiver.
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2.40
Example 2.2
As we will see in Chapter 13, most local-area networks
use a 48-bit (6-byte) physical address written as 12
hexadecimal digits; every byte (2 hexadecimal digits) is
separated by a colon, as shown below:
07:01:02:01:2C:4B
A 6-byte (12 hexadecimal digits) physical address.
2.41
Example 2.3
Figure 2.20 shows a part of an internet with two routers
connecting three LANs. Each device (computer or
router) has a pair of addresses (logical and physical) for
each connection. In this case, each computer is
connected to only one link and therefore has only one
pair of addresses. Each router, however, is connected to
three networks (only two are shown in the figure). So
each router has three pairs of addresses, one for each
connection.
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2.43
Example 2.4
Figure 2.21 shows two computers communicating via
the Internet. The sending computer is running three
processes at this time with port addresses a, b, and c. The
receiving computer is running two processes at this time
with port addresses j and k. Process a in the sending
computer needs to communicate with process j in the
receiving computer. Note that although physical
addresses change from hop to hop, logical and port
addresses remain the same from the source to
destination.
2.44
2.45
Note
The physical addresses will change from hop to hop,
but the logical addresses usually remain the same.
2.46
Example 2.5
As we will see in Chapter 23, a port address is a 16-bit
address represented by one decimal number as shown.
753
A 16-bit port address represented
as one single number.
2.47
Notes
2.48