Community Health Nursing
Community Health Nursing
Community Health Nursing
NURSING
HEALTH EDUCATOR
Utilizes teaching skills to improve the health knowledge, skills and
attitude of the individual, family and the community and conducts health
information campaigns to various groups for the purpose of health
promotion and disease prevention
COORDINATOR AND
COLLABORATOR
Establishes linkages and collaborative relationships with other health
professionals, government agencies, the private sector, non-government
organizations and peoples organizations to address health problems
SUPERVISOR
Monitors and supervises the performance of midwives and other auxiliary
health workers
Also initiates the formulation of staff development and training programs
as part of their training function as supervisors
MANAGER
Organizes the nursing service component of local health agencies or local
government unit
As Program Manager, the PHN is responsible for the delivery of the
package of services provided by the health program to the target
clientele
RESEARCHER
Participates in the conduct of research and utilizes the findings of the
research in practice
INDIVIDUAL
Basic Approaches in looking at the Individual
Atomic the whole is equal to the sum of its parts
Holistic the whole is More than equal to the sum of its parts
FAMILY
Is a small social system and primary reference group made up of two or
more persons living together who are related by blood, marriage or
adoption who are living together by arrangement over a period of time
(Murray and Zentner)
COMMUNITY
A group of people sharing common geographic boundaries and/or
common values and interests
POPULATION GROUPS
A group of people sharing the same characteristics, developmental stage
or common exposure to environmental factors thus resulting in common
health problems
(e.g. Vulnerable Groups)
FOURMULA ONE
Good Governance to enhance health system performance at the
national and the local levels
Health Financing to foster greater, better and sustained investments
in health
Health Regulation to ensure the quality and affordability of health
goods and services
Health Service Delivery to improve and ensure the accessibility and
availability of basic and essential health care in both public and private
facilities and services
Health
Health
Health
Health
Available
Accessible
Affordable
Acceptable
Attainable
FOUR CORNERSTONE OR
PILLARS OF PHC
Use of Appropriate Technology
Support Mechanisms Made Available
Active Community Participation
Intra and Inter Sector Linkages
LAGUNDI
Decoction or Syrup
Salad or Decoction
BAWANG
BAYABAS
Decoction
YERBA BUENA
Decoction
SAMBONG
Indication: Its Diuretic effect is good for edema and against Urolithiasis
Decoction
AMPALAYA
Decoction or Steamed
NIYUG-NIYOGAN
TSAANG GUBAT
Decoction
AKAPULKO
Indication: Ringworm, Tinea flava, Athletes foot and other types of Fungi
Poultice or ointment
INITIAL DATABASE
Family structure and Characteristics
Socio-Economic and Cultural Factors
Environmental Factors
Health Assessment of Each Member
Value placed on the prevention of the Disease
PROBLEM PRIORITIZATION
Nature of the Problem
Wellness Condition
Health Deficits
Health Threats
Foreseeable Crisis
Criteria
Score
Weight
Wellness State
Health Deficit
Health Threat
Foreseeable Crisis
Easily Modifiable
Partially Modifiable
Not Modifiable
PREVENTIVE POTENTIAL
High
Moderate
Low
SALIENCE
DEFINITIONS OF COPAR
A social developmental approach that aims to transform the ,apathetic,
individualistic and voiceless poor into dynamic, participatory and
politically responsive community
A process by which a community identifies its needs and objectives,
develops confidence to take action in respect to them and in doing so,
extends and develops cooperative and collaborative attitudes and
practices in the community
IMPORTANCE OF COPAR
As an important tool for community development and people
empowerment as this helps the community workers to generate
community participation in development activities
Prepares people/client to eventually take over the management of a
development program in the future
Maximizes community participation and involvement; community
resources are mobilized for community services
PRINCIPLES OF COPAR
People, especially the most oppressed, exploited and deprived sectors are
open to change, have the capacity to change ad are able to bring about
change
COPAR should be based on the interests of the poorest sectors of society
COPA should lead to a self-reliant community and society
PRE-ENTRY PHASE
At the NGO level
PRE-ENTRY PHASE
At the community level
Area must not have serious peace and order problem
Willingness to be organized
Community needing health assistance
Check vital health statistic
Malnutrition rate
Lack of health facility / health care providers
ENTRY PHASE
Integration with the Community main objective is to gain their TRUST
First Task Courtesy Call to the Barangay Captain
Establish Rapport
ENTRY PHASE
Core Group Formation
Consists of Identified Potential Leaders
Characteristics of Potential Leaders
COMMUNITY ORGANIZING /
CAPABILITY BUILDING PHASE
Community meetings to draw up guidelines for the organization
Election of Officers
Development of Management Systems
Delineation of Roles, Functions and Task of Officers
Training of Leaders
Team-Building Exercises
Action-Reflection-Action-Session
Manpower
Machine
Method
Material
Money
Space
Setting up of Linkages/Network/Referral System
SUSTENANCE AND
STRENGTHENING PHASE
Formulation and Ratification of Constitution and By-laws
Identification and Development of Secondary leaders
Setting up a financing scheme
Continuing Education and Training of the BHWs
Development of Long-Term Community Health Development Plans
Formalizing Linkages, Networks and Referral Systems
VITAL STATISTICS
The application of Statistical Measures to Vital Events that is utilized to
gauge the levels of health, illness and health services of a community
HEALTH INDICATORS
A list of information which would determine the health of a particular
community like the population, crude birth rate, crude death rate, infant
and maternal death rates, neonatal death rate and tuberculosis death
rate
Health Indicators
Birth
Death
Marriages
Migration
FERTILITY RATES
Crude Birth Rate
General Fertility Rate
Age-Specific Fertility Rate
x1000
MORTALITY RATES
Crude Death Rate
Specific Mortality Rate
Cause-of-death Rate
Infant Mortality Rate
Neonatal Mortality Rate
Post-neonatal Mortality Rate
Maternal Mortality Rate
Perinatal Mortality Rate
Proportionate Mortality Rate
Swaroops Index
Case Fatality Rate
Age
Sex
Occupation
Education
Exposure to Risk Factors
Combination of the above
More valid than CDR when comparing mortality experiences within a group
Number of Deaths in specified Group
------------------------------------------------------Midyear Population, Same Year
x1000
CAUSE-OF-DEATH RATE
Crude rate since the denominator indicates the entire population
Could be made specific by relating the deaths from a specific cause and
group to the midyear population of that specific group
Number of Deaths in specified cause
------------------------------------------------------ x1000
Midyear Population, same year
x1000
PROPORTIONATE MORTALITY
RATE
Used in ranking the cause of death by magnitude of frequency
Expressed in Percentage
Number of Deaths from particular cause
----------------------------------------------------------Total Deaths from all cause, same year
x1000
SWAROOPS INDEX
Low Index implies that life expectancy is short
Directly proportional to the health status of a population where developed
countries have higher Swaroops Index than Developing countries
x100
MORBIDITY RATES
Incidence Rate
Attack Rate
Prevalence Rate
INCIDENCE RATE
Measures the development of a disease in a group exposed to the risk of
the disease in a period of time
Can be made specific for age and sex
No of new cases of disease developing form a period of time
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- x100,000
Population in the area during the same period of time
ATTACK RATE
Used for a limited population group and time period, usually during an
outbreak or an epidemic
No of new cases of disease developing over a period of time
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- x100
Population at risk for developing the disease during the same
period of time
PREVALENCE RATE
Useful in describing the occurrence of chronic conditions and as basis for
making decisions in the administration of health services
Useful also in computing for carrier rates and antibody levels
Point prevalence
No of existing (old and new) cases of a disease at a given time
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------population examined during that time
x100
Period prevalence
No of existing (old and new) cases of a disease at a given interval
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- x100
Population examined during that interval time
ENVIRONMENTAL SANITATION
ENVIRONMENTAL SANITATION
Is defined as the study of all factors in mans physical environment which
may exercise a deleterious effect on his health, well-being and survival
GOAL: to eradicate and control environmental factors in disease transmission
through the provision of basic services and facilities to all house holds
COMPONENTS:
Level 2 on site toilet facilities of the WATER CARRIAGE TYPE with water
sealed and flushed type with septic tank disposal facilities
Level 3 Water Carriage types of toilet facilities connected to a sewerage
or treatment plant