Mutasi Gonosom Manusia
Mutasi Gonosom Manusia
Mutasi Gonosom Manusia
Higher Biology
Mutation
2 types of mutation
1. Chromosome mutation
2. Change in structure of one chromosome
Chromosome mutations
1. Non-disjunction in meiosis
2. Non-disjunction of sex chromosomes
3. Complete non-disjunction and
polyploidy
Non-disjunction during
meiosis
Spindle fibre fails during meiosis
Members of one pair of homologous
chromosomes fail to become separated
2 gametes receive extra copy of affected
chromosome
2 gametes lack that chromosome
Downs Syndrome
Non-disjunction in chromosome 21
Occurs in human egg mother cell
One or more abnormal eggs formed (n = 24)
Fertilised by normal sperm (n = 23)
Formation of abnormal zygote (2n = 47)
Turners syndrome
Gamete with no sex chromosomes fuses with
normal X gamete
Zygote has chromosome complement 2n = 45
Individuals are female and short in stature
Infertile because ovaries havent developed
normally
Klinefelters syndrome
XX egg fertilised by normal Y sperm
or
Normal X egg is fertilised by an XY
sperm
Zygote has chromosome complement
2n = 47 (44 + XXY)
Always male
Normally
infertile
Cannot
produce
sperm
Complete non-disjunction
and polyploidy
All the spindle fibres in a gamete mother cell
fail
All homologous pairs fail to become separated
Production of abnormal diploid gametes
Each contains 2 complete sets of chromosomes
instead of one
Polyploidy
Fertilisation of abnormal gametes
Formation of mutant plants which
possess complete extra sets of
chromosomes
This type of chromosome mutation is
called polyploidy
Economic significance
Polyploid plants are larger than diploid relatives
Increased seed and fruit size
Many commercially developed crop plants are
polyploid
-apples -strawberries
-tomatoes
-wheat
Give greater yields
Effects of polyploidy
Uneven sets of chromosome
-polyploidy plants are sterile
Produce seedless fruit
Increase in vigour
Resistance to disease