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    Mutasi Gonosom Manusia

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    MaharRkp
    Mutation is a change in an organism's genetic material that produces a change in phenotype. There are two types of mutations: chromosome mutations and changes to a single chromosome. Chromosome mutations include changes in chromosome number through non-disjunction during meiosis. Non-disjunction during meiosis occurs when spindle fibers fail, causing homologous chromosome pairs to fail to separate, resulting in gametes with an extra or missing chromosome. This can cause conditions like Down syndrome and Turner's syndrome. Complete non-disjunction of all chromosomes during meiosis produces polyploidy, where gametes contain duplicate sets of chromosomes. When these gametes fuse, they result in polyploid plants with multiple sets of chromosomes, making them larger with benefits

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    Mutasi Gonosom Manusia

    Uploaded by

    MaharRkp
    36 views20 pages
    Mutation is a change in an organism's genetic material that produces a change in phenotype. There are two types of mutations: chromosome mutations and changes to a single chromosome. Chromosome mutations include changes in chromosome number through non-disjunction during meiosis. Non-disjunction during meiosis occurs when spindle fibers fail, causing homologous chromosome pairs to fail to separate, resulting in gametes with an extra or missing chromosome. This can cause conditions like Down syndrome and Turner's syndrome. Complete non-disjunction of all chromosomes during meiosis produces polyploidy, where gametes contain duplicate sets of chromosomes. When these gametes fuse, they result in polyploid plants with multiple sets of chromosomes, making them larger with benefits

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    Mutation is a change in an organism's genetic material that produces a change in phenotype. There are two types of mutations: chromosome mutations and changes to a single chromosome. Chromosome mutations include changes in chromosome number through non-disjunction during meiosis. Non-disjunction during meiosis occurs when spindle fibers fail, causing homologous chromosome pairs to fail to separate, resulting in gametes with an extra or missing chromosome. This can cause conditions like Down syndrome and Turner's syndrome. Complete non-disjunction of all chromosomes during meiosis produces polyploidy, where gametes contain duplicate sets of chromosomes. When these gametes fuse, they result in polyploid plants with multiple sets of chromosomes, making them larger with benefits

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as ppt, pdf, or txt
    36 views20 pages

    Mutasi Gonosom Manusia

    Uploaded by

    MaharRkp
    Mutation is a change in an organism's genetic material that produces a change in phenotype. There are two types of mutations: chromosome mutations and changes to a single chromosome. Chromosome mutations include changes in chromosome number through non-disjunction during meiosis. Non-disjunction during meiosis occurs when spindle fibers fail, causing homologous chromosome pairs to fail to separate, resulting in gametes with an extra or missing chromosome. This can cause conditions like Down syndrome and Turner's syndrome. Complete non-disjunction of all chromosomes during meiosis produces polyploidy, where gametes contain duplicate sets of chromosomes. When these gametes fuse, they result in polyploid plants with multiple sets of chromosomes, making them larger with benefits

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    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as ppt, pdf, or txt
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    Mutation

    Higher Biology

    Mutation

    Change in structure or amount of an


    organisms genetic material
    Change in genotype produces change in
    phenotype = mutant

    2 types of mutation
    1. Chromosome mutation
    2. Change in structure of one chromosome

    Chromosome mutations

    Change in chromosome number

    1. Non-disjunction in meiosis
    2. Non-disjunction of sex chromosomes
    3. Complete non-disjunction and
    polyploidy

    Non-disjunction during
    meiosis
    Spindle fibre fails during meiosis
    Members of one pair of homologous
    chromosomes fail to become separated
    2 gametes receive extra copy of affected
    chromosome
    2 gametes lack that chromosome

    Downs Syndrome
    Non-disjunction in chromosome 21
    Occurs in human egg mother cell
    One or more abnormal eggs formed (n = 24)
    Fertilised by normal sperm (n = 23)
    Formation of abnormal zygote (2n = 47)

    Non dis-junction of sex


    chromosomes

    Turners syndrome
    Gamete with no sex chromosomes fuses with
    normal X gamete
    Zygote has chromosome complement 2n = 45
    Individuals are female and short in stature
    Infertile because ovaries havent developed
    normally

    Klinefelters syndrome
    XX egg fertilised by normal Y sperm
    or
    Normal X egg is fertilised by an XY
    sperm
    Zygote has chromosome complement
    2n = 47 (44 + XXY)

    Always male
    Normally
    infertile
    Cannot
    produce
    sperm

    Complete non-disjunction
    and polyploidy
    All the spindle fibres in a gamete mother cell
    fail
    All homologous pairs fail to become separated
    Production of abnormal diploid gametes
    Each contains 2 complete sets of chromosomes
    instead of one

    Polyploidy
    Fertilisation of abnormal gametes
    Formation of mutant plants which
    possess complete extra sets of
    chromosomes
    This type of chromosome mutation is
    called polyploidy

    A: the strawberry plant


    is exposed to a chemical
    B: due to the effect of
    chemical, total nondisjunction at meiosis
    produces diploid
    gametes(2n)
    C: two diploid gametes
    fuse at fertilisation
    D: a new plant develops
    which has four sets of
    chromosomes (4n)

    Economic significance
    Polyploid plants are larger than diploid relatives
    Increased seed and fruit size
    Many commercially developed crop plants are
    polyploid
    -apples -strawberries
    -tomatoes
    -wheat
    Give greater yields

    Effects of polyploidy
    Uneven sets of chromosome
    -polyploidy plants are sterile
    Produce seedless fruit
    Increase in vigour
    Resistance to disease

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