Criminology History of Security
Criminology History of Security
Criminology History of Security
Security
by Rana Zulfiqar
History of Security
1. Physical Security Measures
History of Security
Physical Security Measures
History of Security
Physical Security Measures
A study of pre - history suggests that
History of Security
Physical Security Measures
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History of Security
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Walls
1. Fear of attacks led to the evolution of defensive
History of Security
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History of Security
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Fortifications in Central Asia date from the 4th century BC.
The Great Wall of China began during the reign of Emperor Shih
Huang-ti in 214 BC in which he linked earlier walled sections
(Gaubatz, 1996; Luo, 1981). The object was to protect ethnic
Chinese mainly against the northern Huns; the effect largely was
successful.
Over subsequent centuries the Great Wall was expanded, eventually
to reach over 2400 kilometers from the Gulf of Chihli of the Yellow
Sea to deep in Central Asia.
Hadrians Wall, 2nd century AD, constructed to seal Romans and
Saxons from warring Celtic tribes north.
When the southern part of Scotland was partially subdued, another
wall was constructed beginning 138 AD farther north between the
Clyde and the Forth of Firth. This was the Antonine
Wall, named
Physical Security for Antoninus Pius, the Roman emperor (HansonWalls
and Maxwell,
History of Security
Physical Security Measures
Castles
1. While vast walls covering great distances were
successful at deterring invaders for
considerable time, some walls eventually failed
due to the great cost of guarding and
maintenance.
2. A series of castles could accomplish the same
objective at less cost in enforcing hegemony within a
proximate area (Bradbury, 1992; Johnson, 2002;
Singman, 1999).
3. Advent of gunpowder changed the defensive
capacity of castle walls. Gunpowder is an explosive
Security
mixture of saltpeter (potassium nitrate),Physical
sulfur,
and Walls
History of Security
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History of Security
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History of Security
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Animals for Protection
1. Animals probably preceded defensive structures to protect
people.
2. Dogs are particularly suitable for security purposes.
3. Egyptian kings used sulukis to guard the kings residences.
4. The Egyptians also raised greyhounds and mastiffs to protect
property.
5. Dogs as- canine alarms, to attack intruders, for hunting, and
for companionship.
6. Egyptian families would grieve when a favorite dog died.
7. The Romans employed Rottweiler as sentries to guard depots
against thieves.
Physical Security
8. From the Middle Ages through the advent of modern
policing,
Animals
guard dogs were important to protect homes, places
of work
History of Security
Physical Security Measures
Animals for Protection
1. Watchmen patrolled the wharves with dogs to detect and
deter thieves.
2. In modern times canine patrols serve law enforcement
around the world.
3. They are used to detect illegal contraband, the smuggling of
people, and the presence of prohibited foods, plants,
narcotics, and explosives.
4. Further millions of private citizens use dogs for compay and
security aids.
5. Other animals besides dogs played roles in protecting
people and property.
6. Livy described how geese in one of the Roman hills sounded
Physical Security an alarm to warn about Gaelic invaders seeking
to attack an
Animals
History of Security
Physical Security Measures
Protecting the Interior of Structures
1. Security is needed within as well as without a walled
structure.
2. To protect precious objects, including vital documents; hidden
places within walls or furniture or under oors were
frequently created. These were inexpensive to construct,
but might be discovered eventually by others.
3. Traps and snares were employed frequently for protection in
grounds and within structures.
4. The disadvantage with traps is that persons setting them
sometimes are injured, and others are inadvertently hurt.
5. Safes and strong boxes have served as protected containers
since ancient Egypt (Eras, 1974; Buehr, 1953).
Physical Security Locks
History of Security
Physical Security Measures
Protecting the Interior of Structures
1. Locks are among the oldest mechanisms invented.
2. The Lock Museum of America in Terryville, Connecticut, has Egyptian pin
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History of Security
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Protecting the Interior of Structures
1. They were created as an inexpensive reliable means of deterring access.
2. Metal locks made in Nremberg were especially appreciated for their
workmanship.
3. By the 17th century, metal locks made in France developed their own
cach for artistry protection
4. In the 19th century, vault door manufacturers in the UK and the US
employed the language burglar-proof as part of their marketing efforts.
History of Security
Physical Security Measures
1. In the rst quarter of the 20th century, the standards movement resulted.
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Interior Protection
- Alarms
6. In the United States, other physical security standards
have been
History of Security
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History of
Security
by Rana Zulfiqar
History of Security
Physical Security Measures
PUBLIC PROTECTION FORCES AND TACTICS
History of Security
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History of Security
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History of Security
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History of Security
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History of Security
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History of Security
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THE EMERGENCE OF LAW ENFORCEMENT - POLICE
History of Security
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THE EMERGENCE OF LAW ENFORCEMENT
History of Security
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History of Security
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THE EMERGENCE OF LAW ENFORCEMENT
1. By the early 19th century, the uniformed Bow Street police squad
began.
2. A foot patrol was started at night, and a horse patrol was tried
briey.
3. Two generations after organized protective forces began on Bow
Street, losses from crime imperiled the shipping industry centered
in London. Merchant shippers turned in 1798 to a quasi-civilian
group for protective services, called River Police or Maritime Police.
4. Patrick Colquhoun (17451820) and John Harriott (17451817),
both magistrates, conceived the idea of creating this dedicated
force to protect ships at port and storage facilities associated with
them.
5. The West India Company agreed to pay 80 percent initially of the
costs. The officers possessed civil authority.
6. In July 1798, the Marine Police Office in Wapping High Street was
opened and employed about 200 constables and guards.
7. Colquhoun and Harriott seemed to espouse the concept of Cesare di
History of Security
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THE EMERGENCE OF LAW ENFORCEMENT.
History of Security
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THE EMERGENCE OF LAW ENFORCEMENT
1. Peel left office before the committees inuence was fully achieved
History of Security
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THE EMERGENCE OF LAW ENFORCEMENT
1. They created a force that was to inspire, within just a few years, the
establishment of modern police departments in other parts of
Britain and the world.
2. The force was devoid of serious endemic corruption or the polit- ical
tyranny that had fanned fears prior to passage of the act.
3. The new police were unarmed except for a short wooden baton, a
truncheon, concealed under their coats.
4. They would be uniformed.
5. Rather than only learning by doing, a General Instructions book
described command structure and provided practice guidelines.
treat the public with courtesy and to use the least firmness
necessary in the event of personal contact or arrest.
7. The new police could be and were termi- nated for drunkenness on
duty, absenteeism, talking with prostitutes, talking too long with
women who were not prostitutes, unnecessarily rough behavior in
making arrests, or associating with criminals.
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4. His business prospered: three years later eight men were working for him.
5. One day in 1846, Pinkerton was searching for trees to fell for barrels. He
he had observed to the sheriff. The sheriff, Pinkerton, and a posse returned
one evening and arrested a band who were seized with bogus dimes and
History of Security
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History of Security
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PRIVATE SECURITY PERSONNEL AND TECHNOLOGY
was quickly hired by the United States Post Office, which appointed
him as a special agent in charge of solving a series of mail thefts.
Pinkertons suspicion fell upon a mail sorter: but where was the
evidence of his thefts? The suspect showed no indication that he
was living above his means from the money supposedly stolen from
the mails.
2. An arrest was made and the suspects boarding house simple room
was searched without success. Finally, Pinkerton suggested
examining the pictures on the wall. Concealed behind the pictures
$3738 was found. Pinkertons investigative Sagesse had paid off.
Pinkerton, with a partner briey, established an investigative office
in Chicago. The incipient firm began working for a consortium of
railroads which operated in Chicago.
3. By 1854, he had received retainers from six railroads for
investigative work. Their main problem was robbery: thieves could
stop the train at a remote junction and steal cash and other
History of Security
Physical Security Measures
PRIVATE SECURITY PERSONNEL AND TECHNOLOGY
2. The Pinkertons were first and largest, but numerous other competitors
emerged. By the 1950s, some security services businesses expanded
from the United States to other nations.
3. By the 21st century in the United States alone, over 8000 private
6. But perhaps 2000 smaller local and regional watch, guard, and patrol
companies operated as of 2005. These security service workers are
History of Security
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PRIVATE SECURITY PERSONNEL AND TECHNOLOGY
Security management
2. Security management emerged as a differentiative discipline in the
second half of the 20th century (McCrie, 1997).
History of Security
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PRIVATE SECURITY PERSONNEL AND TECHNOLOGY
History of Security
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PRIVATE SECURITY PERSONNEL AND TECHNOLOGY
security directors and personnel per se. Frequently, the duties can
be devolved to others. Nonetheless, certain industries have security
as a requirement. Others see improved protection as a cost-effective
means of maintaining optimal operations.
History of Security
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Alarms
History of Security
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Alarms
History of Security
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PRIVATE SECURITY PERSONNEL AND TECHNOLOGy
3. The principle remained the same from the earliest mechanical lock: an
electrified magnetic contact between two points was established.
7. For those unwilling to pay for an alarm moni- toring service or who were too
far away to benefit from one, local alarms could sound a loud noise in the
immediate area with the hope burglars would leave quickly.
History of Security
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PRIVATE SECURITY PERSONNEL AND TECHNOLOGy
3. For most of the 20th century a monitoring clerk at the central alarm station
could not be sure if such alarms had been sounded due to electrical shorts,
cut by a storm or by accident, or if burglars had knocked out the conduit to
make identification of the crime difficult.
4. At such times monitoring personnel might notify customers and the police
that regular signals are not being received.
5. Another alarm type, where customers face high risks of burglary, depends
upon tiny microphones monitored by computers that signal an alarm if
human voices are heard when facilities are supposed to be vacant.
6. Some facilities use two or more alarm systems to assure backup in the event
that one system is inadvertently inoperative or compromised. In recent
decades wireless communi- cations and computer-based systems have
increased the reliability of such signals. An operator in a monitoring station
no longer is bound to record routine opening and closing signals. Now the
History of Security
Physical Security Measures
4. After over two decades of activity, Brink realized the many advantages of
delivering small, valuable objects over heavy, inexpensive ones.
5. It was gentler on the backs of workers, easier for horses, fast to complete,
and more profitable.
6. Money and monetary instruments became first a specialty, then the main
activity.
8. Brink slowly convinced customers that his firm was able to perform these
services at less cost and frustration.
9. By the turn of the 19th century, Brinks, the money movers, transmitted
funds to and from banks and among business offices.
History of Security
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PRIVATE SECURITY PERSONNEL AND TECHNOLOGy
2. After a robbery early in the 20th century, the money movers realized that
their vehicles must conform to an era of greater risks and be better
protected.
3. In more recent times Brinks and its competitors have provided services to
financial institutions for their automated teller machines (ATMs) by
replacing canisters of money.
5. As a result, armored transit firms now often process cash for banks and
other large cash-handling operations (Dunbar and Kingwell, 2003).
6. Related to this business are the transport, storage, and service of computer
tapes for which originals need to be stored off-site as a precaution.
7. While these tapes are not ordinarily the subject of burglars interest, the
tapes themselves are valuable and could represent serious loss to an
organization should they be lost, destroyed, or fall into the hands of
History of Security
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PRIVATE SECURITY PERSONNEL AND TECHNOLOGy
Electronic Systems
1. The physical security measures of earlier centuries have been enhanced
first by electrification and later by computerization.
2. A broad range of sensors has been developed for: CCTV, intrusion detection,
access control, and communications systems, as well as for alarms
previously discussed.
3. Intrusion detection has been improved in utility by the use of biometricbased automatic identification systems.
4. These assure with a higher degree of certainty that individuals who present
themselves at a security checkpoint are who they say they are.
6. Acceptance was slow due to the high cost, degree of reliability, and
invasiveness (requiring physical contact) of early systems.
History of Security
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PRIVATE SECURITY PERSONNEL AND TECHNOLOGy
Electronic Systems
1. Combined with an identification card and a per- sonal identification
3. All of these func- tions may be integrated into a whole system that can be
backed up and difficult for unauthorized to penetrate.
5. Managers desire to monitor secu- rity systems from anywhere they may be.
6. In the past security operations were cen- tered only in a security office.
7. The trend is toward information disbursal, aided by internet power, so that
the master system can be accessed at the security center, atpersonal
workstations, from laptops or personal digital assistants, or from cellphones.
8. This systems approach has a brief history and continues to evolve quickly.
History of Security
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PRIVATE SECURITY PERSONNEL AND Technology
Cybercrime countermeasures
History of Security
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PRIVATE SECURITY PERSONNEL AND Technology
Cybercrime countermeasures
management.
2.Some of these are cyber stalking, extortion, fraud,
hacking or cracking, identity theft, intellectual property
theft, and theft of money or assets.
3.Anarchists, common criminals, organized crime
syndicates, and terrorists use IT resources for their own
advantages.
4.The original hackers were computer students at
Massachusetts Institute of Technology in the 1960s.
5.They believed in freedom of communications and
freedom of information, but they also espoused a moral
code against criminal use of computing resources.
History of Security
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PRIVATE SECURITY PERSONNEL AND Technology
Cybercrime countermeasures
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Cybercrime countermeasures
1.He was sentenced to proba- tion, community service,
and a fine of $10,000.
2.Today, virus-writing skills are detailed in books, traded
on internet, and taught in security courses.
3.The protection of computer communications, databases,
and data integrity requires electronic measures to
protect access.
4.Anti-virus and anti-hacking software programs have
become a major industry
5.Cybercrime and other IT issues have expanded at an
extraordinary rate. Their history is only a generation old
generation.
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PRIVATE SECURITY PERSONNEL AND TECHNOLOGy
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desires but which are beyond the budget of government to provide. Greater
protection was the primary goal of urban commercial enterprises.
4. BIDs were approved by the New York State legislature in the early 1980s,
but almost a decade was required for the first BID to begin operations.
Today hundreds of BIDs, supported by additional taxes voluntarily agreed
to, operate throughout North America.