Types of Distillation 13CH56
Types of Distillation 13CH56
Types of Distillation 13CH56
Roll No 13CH56
Contents
Distillation process
Types of distillation
Applications
Distillation
Distillation is a kind of separation technique of two or more
volatile liquid compounds by using the difference in boiling
points and relative volatility.
The process takes place in a column, and two heat
exchangers.
In the column two phases, liquid and gas, are distributed to
enrich the vapour in more volatile compounds and enrich the
liquid phase on less volatile compounds.
Mass transfer is the key to a successful distillation.
Advantages And
Disadvantages
Advantages
It has simple flow sheet, low capital
investment, and low risk. If components to be
separated have a high relative volatility
difference and are thermally stable, distillation
is hard to beat.
Disadvantages
Distillation has a low energy efficiency and
requires thermal stability of compounds at
their boiling points. It may not be attractive
when azeotropes are involved or when it is
necessary to separate high boiling
components, present in small concentrations,
from large volumes of a carrier, such as water.
Continuous Distillation
Liquid mixture runs down the column while
vapour goes up.
Vapour is produced by partial vaporisation of
the mixture which is heated in reboiler.
The mixture which is to be separated is fed to
column at one or more points.
Then vapour is partially condensed to earn
back the less volatile compounds to the
column to separate as bottom product. (reflux
Batch Distillation
The oldest operation used for separation of
liquid mixtures.
Feed is fed from bottom, where includes
reboiler, to be processed.
Numbers of accumulator tanks are connected
to collect the main and the intermediate
distillate fractions.
Comparison Of Distillation
Types
For batch distillation, it is enough
to use only one column to
separate multi component liquid
mixture
One sequence of operation is
enough to separate all the
components in a mixture.
Equipment Designs
Packed Beds
Advantages And
Disadvantages
Advantages
Least expensive column for diameters greater than
0.6m
The liquid-vapour contact in the cross-flow of plate
columns is more effective than counter current-flow in
packed columns.
Cooling coils can be easily added to the plate column
Can handle high liquid flow rates.
Disadvantages
Higher pressure drops than packed columns
Foaming can occur because the liquid is
agitated by the vapour flowing up through it
Packed Beds
Advantages And
Disadvantages
Advantages
When the diameter is less than 0.6m it is less
expensive than the plate column.
Packing is able to handle corrosive materials.
Lower pressure drop than in plate columns.
Good for thermally sensitive liquids
Disadvantages
Can break during installation or due to thermal
expansion.
Not cost efficient for high liquid flow rates.
Contact efficiencies are decreased when the liquid flow
rate is too low
Simple Distillation
Fractional Distillation
Fractional distillation differs from distillation
only in that it separates a mixture into a
number of different parts, calledfractions.
A tall column is fitted above the mixture, with
several condensers coming off at different
heights. The column is hot at the bottom and
cool at the top. Substances with high boiling
points condense at the bottom and substances
with low boiling points condense at the top.
Like distillation, fractional distillation works
because the different substances in the
mixture have different boiling points.
Vacuum Distillation
Steam Distillation
Azeotropic Distillation
Applications Of Distillation
Simple distillation is still used to obtain pure drinking water out of hard or contaminated
water and also used to make homemade perfumes, liquor, and soaps.