Biomass To Chemicals
Biomass To Chemicals
Biomass To Chemicals
Agriculture Waste
Economic part of agricultural activity is the yield and the less
important part of it is used to be called agriculture waste
Agricultural waste in developing countries is about 35 percent of
agricultural crop products annually and could be a potential
source for 25 percent global energy requirements (Bayat, 2003)
India produces around 210 million tonnes of food grains and
almost 130 million tonnes of fruits and vegetables. Wastage in
India, from the farm to fork, is estimated to be very high in all
types of food.
Hence value additions to the wastes and by-products are very
good option to enhance the contribution of the sector in Indian
economy
Agriculture waste based lignocellulose is cheapest and most
abundant renewable resource and sustainable solution for raw
Environmental Relevance
Biomass to Energy
The biomass can be:
Burned
Transformed into a fuel gas through partial combustion
Into biogas through fermentation
Into bio alcohol through biochemical processes
Into biodiesel
Into a bio-oil or into a syngas from which chemicals and fuels can
be synthesized
Bio ethanol production from either sugarcane bagasse or corn stalk
Biomass to Energy
Biomass is the most common form of carbonaceous materials, widely
used in the main research and development for energy and valuable
chemicals production, involves following activities:
Biomass combustion
Thermal gasification
Pyrolysis
Biotechnology for fermentation processes
Anaerobic digestion of agricultural wastes
Straw utilization
Environmental systems
Biomass Conversion
Gasification
The gasication process involves:
Requires high temperatures more than 1100 K
Necessary for the endothermic formation of synthesis gas (Lange,
2007) a valuable mixture of CO and H2
Co-feeding an oxidizing agent such as oxygen, air, stream in the
gasier which causes partial combustion of the biomass
Can be used to process all the three component of lignocellulosic
biomass
The synthesis gas obtained can be used to produce methanol
Pyrolysis/liquefacti
on
Hydrolys
is
Acid and enzymatic hydrolysis is effective for separating the
carbohydrate and lignin fractions of lignocellulosic feeds at lower
temperatures
The complex structure of lignocellulose, with its highly crystalline,
lowsurface area cellulose protected by lignin, confers this material
with a high degree of recalcitrance, which makes its depolymerization
into the corresponding monomer sugars a difcult task
Effective pretreatment step must be employed to break the lignin
protection so that the acids or enzymes can more easily access and
hydrolyze the cellulose and hemicellulose fractions of the biomass
The lignin network is modied in aqueous solutions at mild
temperatures, which allows the hydrolysis of hemicellulose to occur
under the same conditions in the presence of acids
Pretreatment methodologies involving physical, chemical and
biological treatments have been developed to depolymerize
lignocellulosic materials
Bioconversion
to produce ethanol,
Agriculture
waste
resourse
Applications
Referenc
es
Ferulic acid
Wheat bran
Sarangi and
Sahoo, 2010
Vanillin
Herrmann et al.,
2000
Zheng et al.,
2007
Apiwatanapiwat
and
Vaithanomsat,
2009
Thibault et al.,
1998
Acrylic acid
Used in manufacture of
various plastic
coatings,adhesives elastomers
,floor polishes, and paints
Lunelli et al.,
2007
Lignin
Rye straw
Challanges
conversion of agriculture waste biomass and biomass-derived
compounds into fuels and chemicals addresses many of the
current issues like sustainability and renewable resources
biological processes for the production of fuels and chemical
have been well established, but these processes must still be
integrated into a system capable of meeting basic requirements
for overall efficiency of converting solar energy into biofuels and
biochemicals. So a model system must at least in principle, be
capable of easy scale-up and not be limited by either engineering
or economic factors
To accelerate the partial replacement of fossil fuels,
technologies for the production of valuable chemicals and energy
from renewable biomass resources should be economically
competitive with petrochemical industry in terms of complexity of
processes employed to convert biomass to fuels and chemicals
References
Bayat F (2003) Effective factors in agricultural losses, and ways to
combat it. Paper presented in the first conference in prevention methods
of natural resources, 19-21 Jan. Farhangestan Olom, Tehran. (In Farsi)
Frost J (2005) Redefining chemical manufacture replacing petroluem
with plant-derived feedstocks. Industrial Biotechnology 60:23-24
Lange JP (2007) Lignocellulose conversion: an introduction to chemistry,
process and economics. Biofuels Bioproducts Biorefining 1:3948
Nossin, P, Joosten J, Bruggink A (2002), Future feedstocks for
commodity advancement:
An Overview.
Bioresource Technology
16:2354-2366
Simonetti DA, Dumesic JA (2008) Catalytic strategies for changing the
energy content and achieving CC coupling in biomass-derived
oxygenated hydrocarbons. ChemSusChem 1:725733