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    Inductive & Deductive Reasoning

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    Kirti Rai Chanchal
    Inductive reasoning moves from specific observations to broader generalizations, while deductive reasoning moves from general principles to specific conclusions. Inductive reasoning involves making probabilistic inferences based on patterns in experience or data, and conclusions are not certain. Deductive reasoning involves applying universal rules or premises with logical certainty to reach conclusions. Both forms of reasoning are important, as inductive reasoning underlies everyday assumptions despite uncertainties, while deductive reasoning allows strict logical inferences.

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    Inductive & Deductive Reasoning

    Uploaded by

    Kirti Rai Chanchal
    275 views12 pages
    Inductive reasoning moves from specific observations to broader generalizations, while deductive reasoning moves from general principles to specific conclusions. Inductive reasoning involves making probabilistic inferences based on patterns in experience or data, and conclusions are not certain. Deductive reasoning involves applying universal rules or premises with logical certainty to reach conclusions. Both forms of reasoning are important, as inductive reasoning underlies everyday assumptions despite uncertainties, while deductive reasoning allows strict logical inferences.

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    Inductive reasoning moves from specific observations to broader generalizations, while deductive reasoning moves from general principles to specific conclusions. Inductive reasoning involves making probabilistic inferences based on patterns in experience or data, and conclusions are not certain. Deductive reasoning involves applying universal rules or premises with logical certainty to reach conclusions. Both forms of reasoning are important, as inductive reasoning underlies everyday assumptions despite uncertainties, while deductive reasoning allows strict logical inferences.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as ppt, pdf, or txt
    275 views12 pages

    Inductive & Deductive Reasoning

    Uploaded by

    Kirti Rai Chanchal
    Inductive reasoning moves from specific observations to broader generalizations, while deductive reasoning moves from general principles to specific conclusions. Inductive reasoning involves making probabilistic inferences based on patterns in experience or data, and conclusions are not certain. Deductive reasoning involves applying universal rules or premises with logical certainty to reach conclusions. Both forms of reasoning are important, as inductive reasoning underlies everyday assumptions despite uncertainties, while deductive reasoning allows strict logical inferences.

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    of 12

    INDUCTIVE & DEDUCTIVE

    REASONING

    INDUCTIVE REASONING:

    Here, we go from the particular to the general.

    Based on observation, facts and experience

    Facts are obvious, visible and appealing to


    common people. Therefore, reasoning based on
    them would have more adherents.

    Sample studies, case studies, grounded


    theory, ethnography etc. fall in this
    category.
    Reasoning which takes us beyond the
    confines of our current evidence or
    knowledge to conclusions about the
    unknown.
    The premises of an inductive argument
    support the conclusion but do not entail
    it i.e. they do not ensure its truth.

    Contd..
    Induction is used to ascribe properties or
    relations to types based on an observation
    instance
    (or on a no. of observations / experiences)
    It is also used to formulate laws based on
    limited obsns.of recurring phenomenal
    patterns.
    Induction is employed in using specific
    propositions to infer general propositions.
    There is strong induction and weak
    induction

    Strong Induction

    Consider,
    Man X is mortal
    Man Y is mortal
    Therefore, all men are mortal

    Again,
    All swans I have ever seen are white
    Therefore, all swans are white

    Another example:
    This ice is cold (or all ice I have touched is cold)
    Therefore, all ice is cold

    Another example
    5+7=12
    Therefore, an odd number added to another odd
    number will result in an even number

    Yet another example:


    All crows that I have observed are black
    Therefore, all crows are black

    Again,
    Each time I throw a ball up, it comes back down
    Therefore, the next time I throw a ball up, it will
    come
    back down

    Such conclusions however, are not certain


    unless we falsify the contrary.
    Thus, the truth of the premise would make
    the truth of the conclusion probable, but not
    necessary.
    Hence the need for a fairly large number of
    observations and randomness of the sample
    group for representing the population.
    Even so, we conclude with some level of
    confidence or significance.

    Weak Induction

    Consider the example :


    I always hang picture from nails
    Therefore, all pictures hang from nails

    Here, the link between the premise and the


    inductive conclusion is weak. No reason exists to
    believe that there are no other ways for pictures
    to hang. Indeed, not all pictures are hung. Even
    when hung, they need not be on nails.

    Again,
    Many drivers fined for speeding are teenagers
    Therefore, all teenagers drive fast

    Another example :
    I usually relax with a cup of tea
    Therefore, all persons usually relax with a cup of tea

    Here also, the link between the premise and the


    conclusion is weak. Thus this type of inductive
    reasoning would lead us to clearly false conclusions
    or over-generalizations.

    VALIDITY

    Inductive arguments are never binding


    but they may be cogent
    Inductions are open unlike deductions
    which are closed
    Thus, the conclusion that all swans are
    white is false; which may have been
    thought to be true in Europe until the
    settlement in Australia and New Zealand
    when black swans were discovered

    However, as David Hume argued, our every day


    reasoning depends on patterns of repeated
    experience rather than deductively sound arguments.
    Eg. We believe that bread will nourish us because it
    has done so in the past, but this is not a guarantee
    that it will always do so.

    But then, as Hume said, someone who insisted on


    sound deductive justifications for everything would
    starve to death. He advocated practical skepticism
    based on common sense instead of severe skepticism

    DEDUCTIVE REASONING

    Here, we move from the general to the


    particular.
    Based on laws, theories and principles.
    Not so obvious nor appealing to common
    people.
    They are unreal and illusory in appearance.
    Thus, reasoning based on them would have
    less number of adherents

    Examples:
    All men are mortal
    I am a man
    Therefore, I am mortal

    Again,
    According to Newtons Law, whatever
    goes up must come down
    Therefore, if I throw a ball up, it must
    come back down

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