Basic Drilling Fluids
Basic Drilling Fluids
Basic Drilling Fluids
SEHAM JALAL
ALKHALIDI
MISKOLC UNVERSITY
2012
DRILLING FLUIDS
Contents
Functions Of Mud. 1
Drilling Mud Additives .2
Drilling Fluid Types .3
Drilling Mud Properties .4
Drilling Fluid Selection. 5
Drilling Mud Problems .6
Solids Control. 7
INTRODUCTION
The drilling-fluid systemcommonly
known as the mud systemis the
single component of the wellconstruction process that remains in
contact with the wellbore throughout
the entire drilling operation.
Drilling-fluid systems are designed and
formulated to perform efficiently under
expected wellbore conditions.
Advances in drilling-fluid technology
have made it possible to implement a
cost-effective, fit-for-purpose system for
each interval in the well-construction
process.
Drilling Fluid
Function
Clean drill bits As. 2
drilling fluid exits the bit
jets, fluid velocity
removes cutting from the
.bit teeth and bit body
This prevents bit
. ball up situation
Drilling Fluid
Function
Prevent excessive mud loss -. 4
While drilling, clay particle will
form a thin layer over porous
zones called mud cake or
filter cake. Mud cake acts as
barrier to prevent excessive
drilling fluid loss into formation
..and provides wellbore stability
Drilling Fluid
Function
Prevent formation damage by using. 5
reservoir drill-in fluid While drilling
long reach zone in horizontal wells,
the special drilling fluid will be
utilized in order to prevent formation
.damage
Drilling Fluid
Function
Clean, Cool, and.8
Lubricate the
Bit and Drill string
Transmit hydraulic.9
horsepower to the
.bit
1.Weighting Materials:
Weighting materials (densifiers) are compounds that are
dissolved or suspended in drilling fluid to increase its
density. They are used to control formation pressures
and to help combat the effects of sloughing or heaving
shales that may be encountered in stressed areas.
Any substance that is denser than water and that
does not adversely
Materials used as
densities
Barite
Barite is preferred to other weighting
materials because of its low cost
and high purity.
Barite is normally used when mud
weights in excess of 10 ppg are
required.
Barite can be Aa very high muds
weights (22.0 ppg))
the rheological properties of the fluid
used to achieve densities up to
(22.0 ppg) in both water- based and
Materials used as
densities
2. Iron Minerals
Iron ores have specific gravities in excess of 5.
They are more erosive than other weighting
materials and may contain toxic materials.
The mineral iron comes from several iron ores
sources including: haematite/magnetite,
Illmenite and siderite. Iron ores are available
in nearly unlimited quantities worldwide.
Because iron ores always contain impurities,
problems such as thickening of muds and
temperature instability are seen in waterbased fluids weighted with ground, naturally
occurring iron ores
The most commonly used iron minerals are:
Iron Oxides
Iron Titanate:
Iron Carbonate
Materials used as
densities
3. Calcium Carbonates
Calcium carbonate (CaCO3) is one of the most useful weighting
agents especially in no damaging
drilling fluids. Its main advantage comes from the its ability to
react and dissolve in hydrochloric acid. Hence any filter cake
formed on productive zones can be easily removed thereby
enhancing production. Calcium carbonate is dispersed in oil
muds more
4. Lead Sulphides
Soluble Salts. 5
Materials used as
densities
Materials used as
Viscosifiers
1.Clays are added to water to provide the
viscosity and yield point properties
necessary to lift the drilling cutting or
to keep them in suspension.
There are two types of clay currently in
use for making water-base muds.
Bentoniticclay (using in fresh water)
Attapulgite(or salt gel) (using in both
fresh and saltwater).
Polymers are chemicals consistingof. 2
chains made up of manyrepeated small
units called monomers
Disadvantage of Oil-base
mud
Drilling Fluids
Properties
Mud weight or mud
density.
Funnel Viscosity.
Plastic Viscosity (PV).
Gel Strengths.
Yield Point.
Fluid Loss and Filter
Cake.
Density
((Any accepted terminology that indicates
the weight per unit volume of drilling
fluid))
-Pounds per gallon (ppg).
-Pounds per cubic feet (pcf).
-Gram per cubic centimeter (g/cc).
-Kilogram per liter (kg/l).
Density
Mud weight is measured in the field
using a mud balance, as shown in
Fig..
viscosity
Viscosity is a measure of the internal
((resistance of a fluid to flow
Funnel Viscosity- 1
Apparent Viscosity (vis)
is the measured times it takes
for one quart of mud to gravity
feed through a hole of a
.specific diameter
Viscosity
2. Plastic viscosity (Pv)
is that part of flow resistance in a mud caused primarily
by the friction between the suspended particles and
by the viscosity of the continuous liquid phase
The viscosities are defined as follows:
p = 600 - 300
aF = 600
Yb = 300 - p
Where
p = plastic viscosity, cp
aF = apparent viscosity, cp
Yb = Bingham yield point, lb/100 ft2
= Torque readings from instrument dial at 600 and
viscosity
Gel strength
Gel strength (Gel)
Gel strength
Drilling hazards
The following are some of the most common hazards
in drilling and can be overcome by proper control
.of the mud properties
3.Blowouts
Blowout is the most spectacular, expensive and highly
.feared hazard of drilling
This occurs when encountered formation pressure
exceed the mud column pressure which allows the
.formation fluids to blow out of the hole
Mud density or the mud weight is the principal factor in
.controlling this hazard
4.Lost Circulation
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