Implantable Drug Delivery System

Implantable drug delivery
system
(Parenteral
Prepared by:
Paresh K Bharodiya
09PCT07
drug delivery system)
Guided by:
Dr. Ajay B.
Solanki
Department of pharmaceutics
A.R College & G.H Patel Institute of
Pharmacy
List of contents
Effect of physicochemical properties on parenteral absorption
Introduction
Approaches to design implantable drug delivery systems

(a) Controlled drug delivery by diffusion process
Polymer membrane permeationcontrolled drug delivery
Matrix diffusion-controlled drug delivery
Microreservior partition-controlled drug delivery system
Membrane matrix hybrid-type drug delivery system
(b) Controlled drug delivery by activation process

Osmotic pressure
Vapor pressure
Magnetically
Hydration
Hydrolysis
(c) Controlled drug delivery by feed back regulated

mechanism
Bioerosion
Bioresponce
REFRENCES
Effect of Physicochemical Properties

on Parenteral Absorption
Drug particle in
suspension
Drug solutes in
Dissolution solution
Partitioning
Systematic
circulation
Target
tissue
Absorptio
n
Elimination
Drug solution in
tissue fluid
Rate of dissolution of solid in formulation
vehicle
Particle size and crystal habit
pH of the formulation
pKa of drug
Lipophillicity of the drug
Tissue fluid/vehicle partition coefficient
Solubility of drug at biological fluid at injection
site
Presence of other ingredients in the formulation
and their interaction with the drug molecule
Implantable drug delivery system

an introduction
Implantable drug delivery systems are placed completely
under the skin usually in a convenient but inconspicuous

location. The patient is aware of only a small bump under the
skin.
designed to transmit drugs and fluids into the bloodstream
without the repeated insertion of needles.

well suited to the drug delivery requirements of insulin,
steroids, chemotherapeutics, antibiotics, analgesics, total

parenteral nutrition, and heparin
There is little chance of infection or interference with daily
activities Because the device is completely subcutaneous,

with no opening in the skin
Approaches to the development of

Implantable drug delivery system
In 1861 Lafarge pioneered the concept of IDDS for
long term continuous administration of crystalline

hormone in the form of solid steroid pellet
But the release profile was not constant and can
not be readily controlled in terms of precision of
the release rate and duration of action
While it is possible to surgically implant and
remove drug-concentrative devices or polymeric
matrices, the requirement for such intervention
could have a significant negative impact on the
acceptability
Two approaches to this problem seem possible
1. Use of implanted electrically driven pumps
2. Use of erodible implants
Number of approaches have been developed to
achive controlled administration of drugs via

implantation
(1) Controlled drug delivery by diffusion
process
Diffusion of the drug out of the device or
solvent into the polymer ultimately contributes
to the drug-release process
Release of the drug from the device is
preprogrammed at a specific rate profile
This is accomplished by a system design which
controls molecular diffusion of drug in or and/or
across barrier medium surrounding the system
This systems can be further sub classified in to
Polymer membrane permeationcontrolled drug delivery using
(A)
1. Non porous membrane

2. Micro porous membrane
3. Semi permeable membrane
Here the drug formulation is totally or partially
encapsulated within a drug reservoir compartment
and the drug release surface is covered by a rate
limiting polymeric membrane having a specific
permeability for drug
drug reservoir
polymeric membrane
Drug contained in a
formulation
The dug reservoir can exist in to a solid ,

suspension or in a solution form and polymeric
membrane fabricated in the form of non
porous{homogenous or heterogeneous}, micro
porous or semipermiable membrane.
Encapsulation of drug formulation in to the
reservoir compartment can be done by
1.Injection molding
2.Spray coating
3.microencapsulation
Different shapes of the systems like sphere ,
cylinder or sheet can be fabricated
. An example of this type of implantable drug
delivery system is A NORPLANT SUBDERMAL
(b) Polymer Matrix diffusion-controlled

drug delivery
In this type of preplanned drug delivery system the drug
reservoir is prepared by homogenous dispersion of drug

particles in a rate controlling polymer matrix fabricated
from either a lipophillic or a hydrophilic polymer
The drug dispersion in a polymer matrix is done by
1. Blending finely divided drug particles with a liquid polymer
or a viscous base followed by cross linking of the polymer
chain
2. Mixing the drug with a polymer at an elevated temperature
3. Dissolving drug and polymer in a common solvent followe
by solvent evaporation at elevated temperature or under
vacuum
.The resultant drug polymer dispersion is then molded or
extruded to form a drug delivery devices of various shapes
.Example is a nitro-dur TDDS
Drug
reservoir{dispersio
Drugn}
release
Gel
layer
Drug depleted zone

Drug release
Lipophillic polymer
Non swollable matrix
Hydrophilic
polymer
(C) Microreservior partition-controlled

drug delivery system
In this type drug reservoir is fabricated by micro
dispersion of aqueous suspension of a drug

using a high energy dispersion technique in to a
biocompatible
polymer
such
as
silicone
elastomer to form a homogenous dispersion of
many discrete , unreachable microscopic drug
reservoir
Depending on the physicochemical properties of
the drug and the desired rate of drug release ,
the device can be further coated with polymer to
modify mechanism and rate of release
example is the transdermal nitro disc system
Polymer
matrix
Microscopic Drug
reservoir
{liquid compartment}
Coating
membrane
Polymer -solution
interface
(d) Membrane matrix hybrid-type drug

delivery system
This device is a hybrid of Polymer Matrix diffusion-
controlled drug delivery and Polymer membrane

permeationcontrolled drug delivery system aim is
to take advantage of controlled release kinetic
offered
by
Polymer
membrane
permeationcontrolled drug delivery system and to avoid risk of
dose dumping from reservoir compartment of this
type of drug delivery system
Drug reservoir is formed by dispersion of drug in to a
polymer matrix which is further coated by a semi
permeable polymeric membrane
Example is a norplant II sub dermal system
(II) Controlled drug delivery

by activation process
In this type release of the drug is activated by some
physical , chemical, or biological process and/or by the

energy supplied externally and the rate of release is
than regulated by the processes applied or input of
energy
Based on the processed applied these activation
modulated drug delivery system can be classified in to
1. Osmotic pressure activated
2. Vapor pressure activated
3. Magnetically activated
4. Hydrolytic-activated
5. Hydration activated
Osmotic pressure activated drug

delivery system
In this type of controlled drug delivery system the
release of the drug takes place due to osmotic pressure

Drug reservoir which can be either a solid or a
suspension is contained in a semipermiable housing
The release is activated through a specially formed
orifice and rate of release is modulated by controlling
the osmotic gradient
Thus release rate is dependent on water permeability
of membrane, solubility of osmogen, effective surface
area of semipermiable housing as well as osmotic
gradient
Representatative example of this type of implantable
controlled release drug delivery system is alzet osmotic
pump
Alzet osmotic pump
Vapor pressure activated implantable

The
drug reservoir which ids a solution

formulation is contained in to an infusate
chamber
By freely movable bellow the chamber is a
pumping system physically separated from
the vapors pressure chamber which contains
vaporizable fluids such as a fluorocarbon
The
fluorocarbon
vaporizes
at
body
temperature creating a vapor pressure that
pushes bellow to move upward and forces the
drug solution to get delivered
Magnetically activated implantable

Magnetic ring
Coated
polymer
Magnet inside polymer
A
magnetic
wave
triggered mechanism is
incorporated in to drug
delivery device and drug
can be triggered to be
released at varying rate
depending
on
the
magnitude and duration
of the electromagnetic
energy applied
Hydration activated drug delivery

system
This
system depends on the hydration

induced swelling process by tissue fluid at
implantable site to activate drug release
In this system drug reservoir is dispersed in to
swollable polymer matrix fabricated from
hydrophilic polymer that become swollen
upon hydration
Drug is released from microscopic water filled
pore channels in to the polymer matrix and
Release rate of drug is controlled by swelling
of the polymer matrix
Hydrolysis activated drug delivery

system
Release of drug is activated by hydrolysis of a
bioerodable polymer by the cell fluid at the

implantation site
Biodegradable polymer like
1. Co(lactic-glycolic)polymer
2. Poly(orthoester)
3. Poly(anhydride) are used in fabrication of this type
of implantable drug delivery system
This system is made by dispersing loading dose of a
drug with a biodegradable polymer , which is then
molded in to pellet or a bead shaped implant
Example
is
a
LHRH{goserelin}
releasing
biodegradable sub dermal implant
(c) Controlled drug delivery by

feed back regulated
mechanism
using this group of controlled drug delivery
system the release of a drug is activated by

some biochemical molecule in the body and
its concentration at the implantable site via
feedback mechanism
And the rate of controlled release of drug is
regulated by the concentration of biochemical

substance detected by a sensor in the
feedback mechanism
Bioerosion regulated drug delivery

system
This
system consist of a drug dispersed in to a

biodegradable polymer matrix like poly vinyl methyl ether
and is coated with immobilized urease in a neutral pH.in
the presence of urea urease at the surface of drug delivery
system metabolize urea to form ammonia causing increase
in pH at which polymer degrades leading to drug release
Hydrocortisone
release
Urease
U
U
U
U
Hydrocortiso
ne
U
Erosion
Urea
Ammonia
Alkaline pH
U
Polymer
system
Drug reservoir is contained in a device enclosed by a
bioresponsive polymer membrane whose permeability

is controlled by conc. of a biochemical agent contained
where the system is located
Example is a glucose triggered insulin delivery system
in which insulin reservoir is capsulated within hydrogel
membrane having amineNR2 groups
In alkaline pH NR2 is neutral and membrane is
unsellable and impermeable to insulin
As glucose, triggering agent penetrates in to
membrane it is oxidized to glucuronic acid by enzyme
glucose oxidise contained in a membrane
NR2 groups are protonated and hydro gel membrane
becomes swollable and permeable for insulin.
Amt of release is dependant on the concentration of
glucose entering in to membrane
REFRENCES
1. NOVEL DRUG DELIVERY SYSTEM,
Yie. W Chien, second edition,
marcel dekker inc, page 381
2. DRUG DELIVERY SYSTEMS, Vasant
V. Ranade Mannfred A. Hollinger
Second Edition,

Implantable Drug Delivery System

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What are the different approaches to design implantable drug delivery systems?

What are the different approaches to design implantable drug delivery systems?

What factors affect the rate of dissolution of drugs?

What factors affect the rate of dissolution of drugs?

Implantable drug delivery

drug delivery system)

Approaches to design implantable drug delivery systems

(b) Controlled drug delivery by activation process

(c) Controlled drug delivery by feed back regulated

Effect of Physicochemical Properties

Rate of dissolution of solid in formulation

Implantable drug delivery system

Implantable drug delivery systems are placed completely

under the skin usually in a convenient but inconspicuous

without the repeated insertion of needles.

steroids, chemotherapeutics, antibiotics, analgesics, total

activities Because the device is completely subcutaneous,

Approaches to the development of

long term continuous administration of crystalline

Number of approaches have been developed to

achive controlled administration of drugs via

Polymer membrane permeationcontrolled drug delivery using

1. Non porous membrane

The dug reservoir can exist in to a solid ,

(b) Polymer Matrix diffusion-controlled

reservoir is prepared by homogenous dispersion of drug

Drug depleted zone

(C) Microreservior partition-controlled

dispersion of aqueous suspension of a drug

(d) Membrane matrix hybrid-type drug

controlled drug delivery and Polymer membrane

(II) Controlled drug delivery

physical , chemical, or biological process and/or by the

Osmotic pressure activated drug

release of the drug takes place due to osmotic pressure

Alzet osmotic pump

Vapor pressure activated implantable

drug reservoir which ids a solution

Magnetically activated implantable

Magnet inside polymer

Hydration activated drug delivery

system depends on the hydration

Hydrolysis activated drug delivery

bioerodable polymer by the cell fluid at the

(c) Controlled drug delivery by

system the release of a drug is activated by

regulated by the concentration of biochemical

Bioerosion regulated drug delivery

system consist of a drug dispersed in to a

Drug reservoir is contained in a device enclosed by a

bioresponsive polymer membrane whose permeability

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