EBVF4103 (Chapter 3) Fluid Mechanics For Civil Engineering
EBVF4103 (Chapter 3) Fluid Mechanics For Civil Engineering
EBVF4103 (Chapter 3) Fluid Mechanics For Civil Engineering
Technical Studies
SEQUENCE OF CHAPTER 3
Introduction
Objectives
3.1 Uniform Flow, Steady Flow
3.1.1 Laminar, Turbulent Flow
3.1.2 Relative Motion
3.1.3 Compressible or Incompressible
3.1.4 One, Two or Three-dimensional Flow
3.1.5 Streamlines
3.1.6 Streamtubes
3.2.1 Mass Flow Rate
3.2.2 Volume Flow Rate
3.3 The Fundamental Equations of Fluid Dynamics
3.3.1 Continuity (Principle of Conservation of Mass)
3.3.2 Work and Energy (Principle of Conservation of Energy)
Summary
Subject Matter Expert/Author: Assoc. Prof. Dr Othman A. Karim (OUM)
Introduction
Discusses the analysis of fluid in motion: fluid dynamics.
When a fluid flows through pipes and channel or around bodies such as
aircraft and ships, the shape of the boundaries, the externally applied
forces and the fluid properties cause the velocities of the fluid
particles to vary from point to point throughout the flow field.
The motion of fluids can be predicted using the fundamental laws of
physics together with the physical properties of the fluid.
The geometry of the motion of fluid particles in space and time is
known as the kinematics of the fluid motion.
A fluid motion may be specified by either tracing the motion of a
particle through the field of flow or examining the motion of all
particles as they pass a fixed point in space.
This course will use the second method where the emphasis is on the
spatial position rather than on the particle, or known as Eulerian
Approach.
Subject Matter Expert/Author: Assoc. Prof. Dr Othman A. Karim (OUM)
Objectives
1. comprehend the concepts necessary to analyse fluids in
motion.
2. identify differences between steady/unsteady,
uniform/non-uniform and compressible/incompressible flow.
3. construct streamlines and stream tubes.
4. appreciate the Continuity principle through Conservation of
Mass and Control Volumes.
5. derive the Bernoulli (energy) equation.
6. familiarise with the momentum equation for a fluid flow.
non-uniform:
steady:
unsteady:
(cont.)
Typical
particles
path
Turbulent Flow
the particles move in an irregular manner through the flow field.
Each particle has superimposed on its mean velocity fluctuating velocity
components both transverse to and in the direction of the net flow.
Particle
paths
Transition Flow
exists between laminar and turbulent flow.
In this region, the flow is very unpredictable and often changeable back
and forth between laminar and turbulent states.
Modern experimentation has demonstrated that this type of flow may
comprise short burst of turbulence embedded in a laminar flow .
Subject Matter Expert/Author: Assoc. Prof. Dr Othman A. Karim (OUM)
Observer
Boat moving
Flow pattern moves along
channel with boat
changes with time
UNSTEADY
Boat stationary
Fluid moving past boat
pattern stationary relative to
boat
does not change with time
STEADY
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3.1.5 Streamlines
In analysing fluid flow it is useful to visualise the flow
pattern.
This can be done by drawing lines joining points of equal
velocity - velocity contours. These lines are known as
streamlines.
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15
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3.1.6 Streamtubes
A useful technique in fluid flow analysis is to consider only a
part of the total fluid in isolation from the rest.
This can be done by imagining a tubular surface formed by
streamlines along which the fluid flows.
This tubular surface is known as a streamtube.
In a two-dimensional flow, we have a streamtube which is
flat (in the plane of the paper).
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18
19
volume of fluid
time
mass of fluid
density x time
mass
density = volume
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If the area of cross section of the pipe at point X is A, and the mean
velocity here is um, during a time t, a cylinder of fluid will pass point X
with a volume A um t. The volume per unit time (the discharge) will
thus be :
Au t
Q=
volume
time
Q=
Aum
Q
A
or
um=
Let
Q
um= V um = V = A
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Figure 3.9:
A typical
velocity profile
across a pipe
Note how carefully we have called this the mean velocity. This is because the
velocity in the pipe is not constant across the cross section.
Crossing the centre line of the pipe, the velocity is zero at the walls,
increasing to a maximum at the centre then decreasing symmetrically to the
other wall.
This variation across the section is known as the velocity profile or
distribution. A typical one is shown in the figure
This idea, that mean velocity multiplied by the area gives the discharge,
applies to all situations - not just pipe flow.
Subject Matter Expert/Author: Assoc. Prof. Dr Othman A. Karim (OUM)
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Example 3.1
An empty bucket weighs 2.0 kg. After 7 seconds of collecting
water the bucket weighs 8.0 kg, then:
mass of fluid in bucket
8.0 -2.0
7
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Example 3.2
If we know the mass flow is 1.7 kg/s, how long will it take to
fill a container with 8 kg of fluid?
time
mass
mass flow rate
8
1.7
= 4.7s
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Example 3.3
If the density of the fluid in the above example is 850 kg/m3
what is the volume per unit time (the discharge)?
mass fluid rate
m
Q =
=
density
=
0.857
850
Q = 1.008 l/s
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Example 3.4
If the cross-section area, A, is 1.2 x 10-3 m2 and the discharge,
Q is 24 l/s, what is the mean velocity, of the fluid?
Let mean velocity, um = V
Q
um = V =
A
2.4 x 10-3 m3/s
=
1.2 x 10-3
= 2.0 m/s
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Inflow
CONTROL
VOLUME
Outflow
Control surface
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(3.5a)
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(3.5b)
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1 A1V1= 2 A2V2
As we are considering a liquid, usually
water, which is not very compressible,
the density changes very little so we
can say 1 =2 =. This also says that
the volume flow rate is constant or that
Discharge at section 1 = Discharge at
section 2
Q1 = Q2
A1V1 = A2V2 or
A 1 V1
V2 =
A2
Figure 3.12:
Pipe with a contraction
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A1
( )
d 12
d2
d12
d22
V1
V1
(3.6)
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Total mass flow into the junction = Total mass flow out of the
junction
1 = 2 =
Q1 = Q2 + Q3
A1V1 = A2V2 + A3V3
Subject Matter Expert/Author: Assoc. Prof. Dr Othman A. Karim (OUM)
(3.7)
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Example 3.5
If the area in Figure 3.12 A1 = 10 10-3 m2 and A1 = 10 10-3
m2 and and the upstream mean velocity, V1 = 2.1 m/s, what
is the downstream mean velocity?
V2 =
A1V1
A2
-3
10
x
10
x 2.1
=
3 x 10-3
= 7.0 m/s
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Example 3.6
If the diameter of a diffuser (Figure 3.13) at section 1 is d1 =
30 mm and at section 2 d2 = 40 mm and the mean velocity at
section 2 is V2 = 3.0 m/s. Calculate the velocity entering the
diffuser.
V2 =
( )
40
30
3.0 = 5.3m/s
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Example 3.7
For a junction (Figure 3.14), if pipe 1 diameter = 50 mm,
mean velocity 2 m/s, pipe 2 diameter 40 mm takes 30% of
total discharge and pipe 3 diameter 60 mm. What are the
values of discharge and mean velocity in each pipe?
Q1 = A1V1 = = 0.00392 m3/s
But
Also
Q 1 = Q2 + Q 3
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We know that,
kinetic energy + potential energy = constant
Initial
kinetic
Energy
} +{
Initial
potential
Energy
mgh = mV2
or
} ={
Final
Kinetic
Energy
} +{
Final
Potential
Energy
V 2 gh
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Figure 3.16 :
Flow
from a reservoir
So
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(3.8)
Example 3.8
A reservoir of water has the surface at 310 m above the outlet nozzle of a pipe with
diameter 15mm. What is the
velocity;
the discharge out of the nozzle; and
mass flow rate. (Neglect all friction in the nozzle and the pipe)
Solution:
a)
V 2 2 g ( z1 z 2 )
2 g 310
78.0 m / s
b) Volume flow rate is equal to the area of the nozzle multiplied by the velocity
Q = AV
=
d2
V
4
0.0152
78.0
4
= 0.01378 m /s
c) The density of water is 1000 kg/m3 so the mass flow rate is
= density volume flow rate
=Q
= 1000 0.01378
= 13.78 kg/s
3
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Bernoulli's Equation
2
p1 V1
p 2 V2
z1
z2
g 2 g
g 2 g
We see that from applying equal pressure or zero velocities we get
the two equations from the section above. They are both just special
cases of Bernoulli's equation.
Bernoulli's equation has some restrictions in its applicability, they
are:
Flow is steady;
Density is constant (which also means the fluid is incompressible);
Friction losses are negligible.
The equation relates the states at two points along a single streamline,
(not conditions on two different streamlines).
Subject Matter Expert/Author: Assoc. Prof. Dr Othman A. Karim (OUM)
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Figure 3.19 :
A contracting
expanding pipe
P2 = P1 + (V12 V22)
Subject Matter Expert/Author: Assoc. Prof. Dr Othman A. Karim (OUM)
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But we do not know the value of V2. We can calculate this from the continuity
equation: Discharge into the tube is equal to the discharge out i.e.
A1V1 A2V2
V2
A1V1
A2
2
d
V2 1 V1
d2
2
0 .1
5
0
.
08
P2 = P1+
p2 = 200000 -17296.87
= 182703 N/m2
= 182.7 kN/m2
Subject Matter Expert/Author: Assoc. Prof. Dr Othman A. Karim (OUM)
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Consider a streamline between two points 1 and 2. If the energy head lost
through friction is denoted by Hf and the external energy head added (say
by a pump) is or extracted (by a turbine) HE, then Bernoulli's equation may
be rewritten as :
HE = H2 + Hf
(3.11)
or
2
p1 V1
p
V
z1 H E 2 2 z2 H f
g 2 g
g 2 g
(3.12)
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= gQHE
(3.13)
where Q = discharge,
HE = head added / loss
If p = efficiency of the pump, the power input required,
gQH E
Pin =
p
(3.14)
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Summary
This chapter has outlined and discussed on the fundamental of fluid in
motion. Students are aspect to be able to discuss and visualise on the
following aspect:
Able to classify FOUR (4) types of flow- Steady uniform flow, Steady nonuniform flow, Unsteady uniform flow and Unsteady non-uniform flow
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Thank You
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