A range of different skills and qualifications are required by industrial chemists. To avoid waste and reduce costs, conditions are carefully selected to ensure that acceptable yields of product are obtained. There are laws that enforce a duty of care by organisations that supply or use chemicals.
A range of different skills and qualifications are required by industrial chemists. To avoid waste and reduce costs, conditions are carefully selected to ensure that acceptable yields of product are obtained. There are laws that enforce a duty of care by organisations that supply or use chemicals.
A range of different skills and qualifications are required by industrial chemists. To avoid waste and reduce costs, conditions are carefully selected to ensure that acceptable yields of product are obtained. There are laws that enforce a duty of care by organisations that supply or use chemicals.
A range of different skills and qualifications are required by industrial chemists. To avoid waste and reduce costs, conditions are carefully selected to ensure that acceptable yields of product are obtained. There are laws that enforce a duty of care by organisations that supply or use chemicals.
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Lecture
Compiled by: CCBacalso
A range of different skills and qualifications
are required by industrial chemists.
Chemical engineers constantly supervise the
operation of the plant, solve production problems, develop modifications to the existing plant and assist in the design of new projects. Analytical chemists are concerned with quality control, providing analysis of raw materials, products and emissions and problems, develop modifications to the existing plant. Research chemists undertake research on new processes and new materials and develop new analytical techniques
The extent of conversion of raw materials
to product is influenced by reaction conditions such as temperature, pressure and concentration. To avoid waste and reduce costs, conditions are carefully selected to ensure that acceptable yields of product are obtained.
Chemists therefore try to ensure that:
The reaction rate is fast A high proportion of reactants is converted to products at equilibrium
There is often a need to compromise
between rate and equilibrium considerations.
Is one of the two main ways that
reactions are controlled in industry. It is the method used when fixed amounts of reactants are mixed, giving fixed amount of products. It is used when there are low costs or negligible delays in starting or stopping productions, for one-off productions and small quantities of product.
Reactants are mixed continuously,
providing a constant supply of product. This technique uses smaller, less expensive equipment than batch processing. Is the preferred method when there are high costs or long delays in starting or stopping production. It allows greater control over reaction conditions, especially temperature, than batch processing.
Other factors that influence the final choice
of reaction conditions. Catalyst a less expensive one may be preferred to a more efficient one Pressure high-pressure reaction vessels are costly to build and operate Temperature fuel costs rise rapidly as operating temperatures increase Choice of reactant to use in excess Safety and waste minimisation and disposal. The safest option is not always the cheapest Energy costs
This is the area of employee safety.
Australia has laws that enforce a duty of care by organisations that supply or use chemicals. Penalties for negligence that results in someones death or serious injury can include hefty fines or imprisonment.
Dangerous goods have the potential to
pose immediate danger to people, property or the environment. Examples of dangerous goods include Petrol Pool chlorine Ammonium nitrate fertiliser.
Hazardous substances are classified on
the basis of their short- and long-term effects on the health or safety of people. Some such as a asbestos may cause illness or disease some time after exposure. Warning signs about dangerous goods are required at any site where they are used or stored.
A risk assessment is a formal way of
identifying risks and assessing potential harm from a hazardous chemical in a particular situation. Effective risk management reduces exposure to hazardous chemicals to at least acceptable levels.
Risk assessments should include
Identification of hazardous chemicals (products as well as reactants) Assessment of the risk Control of the risk (how do we minimise the risk and disposal) documentation
Manufacturers have to supply MSDS for hazardous
substances. An MSDS needs to provide: Company name and contact details Scientific and trade names Major uses and applications Physical data (appearance, colour, boiling point, solubility etc) Health effects Treatments Precautions Safe handling Date of publication
A waste is considered as an unwanted or
unvalued substance that is discarded or discharged. Wastes occur as:
Contaminated soil and solids
Organic liquids of low volatility Wastes containing high volatile liquids Solid and semi-soli process materials Aqueous wastes Sludges, spillages Products past their used-by date
Hazardous waste may be toxic, radioactive or
contaminated by disease-causing organisms
Industrial waste treatment technologies now
go beyond landfill and dumping at sea. They include high-temperature incineration and vitrification. Other options still under development include: Dispersion in controlled amounts in water or air Removal of pollutants from waste gases and liquid Storage in sealed drums in secure locations Catalysed dechlorination Ionic replacement of halogens in halogenated organic compounds High-temperature steam and water treatments
Chemical industries aim to deal with
wastes in the following strategic order of priority: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6.
Journal of Chemical Education Volume 89 Issue 6 2012 [Doi 10.1021_ed200055t] Burgess, Arthur E.; Davidson, John C. -- A Kinetic–Equilibrium Study of a Triiodide Concentration Maximum Formed by the Persulfate–Iodide R