DC Motor Earlier
DC Motor Earlier
DC Motor Earlier
Motor
1. Highly versatile energy conversion device
2. Flexible machine.
3. Variety of purposes.
From 3 mm stepper drawing a few A at 1.5 in a quartz crystal
watch.
to the giant 75000MW or more rolling mill motor.
4. It can produce high starting torque,
accelerating torque
retarding torque
5. It can give wide range of speed control
6. Suitable for fast reversal of speed
D. C. Motor
7. Characteristics can be modified by feedback circuit.
8. In spite of high initial cost, widely used in industries for
tough jobs.
9. At present, annual production and sale are about 40% of
rupee volume.
This is due to the automobile industry.
The batteries are used for storing electrical energy and
for starting the vehicles by dc motor.
It is also used for wipers, fans and for raising the window
glass.
10. Due to this, almost millions of dc motors are manufactured
every year.
Construction
Construction
Stator Core
Air Gap
Rotor Core
Shaft
ROTOR
Rotor wdg
Bearings
Stator Frame
STATOR
Base
Stator wdg
Construction of DC machine
Field winding is on STATOR
Armature winding is on ROTOR
The clearance between stator and rotor is called as
AIR - GAP
The energy transfer from stator to rotor is through Air Gap
Yoke or Frame
Earth
Magnet
N
S
Compass
Armature
Yoke or Frame
Yoke or Frame
Mica
Insulation
Armature
Commutator
Segments
Yoke or Frame
F
Mica
Insulation
Armature
Commutator
Segments
A
+
AA
FF
Yoke or Frame
F
Armature
Commutator
Segments
Mica
Insulation
N
+
A
+
/2
AA
/2
FF
Yoke or Frame
F
Armature
Mica
Insulation
Commutator
Segments
A
+
I/P
/2
Compensating
Winding
I/P
AA
S
/2
FF
Yoke or Frame
F
Armature
Mica
Insulation
Commutator
Segments
I/P
/2
Compensating
Winding
I/P
AA
S
FF
+
DC i/p - M
DC o/p - G
/2
Dirn of rotation
M-Anticlockwise
Genr-Clockwise
STATOR
ROTOR
SHAFT
ROTOR
STATOR
STATOR
ROTOR
1. STATOR: consists of
i) Yoke or frame
Laminated magnet material
ii) Salient field poles
Laminated magnet material,
Concentrated field wdg.
Cross-section Pole core is smaller than pole shoe
Pole shoe is 70% of pole pitch
iii) Bearings
iv) Brushes: Carbon, Graphite, copper-graphite
v) Interpole wdg: Fixd to yoke in between main poles
Connected in series with armature wdg
vi) Compensating wdg: Housed in pole shoe
Connected in series with armature wdg
2. ROTOR: consists of
i) Armature core
It is made from 0.35 to 0.5 mm thick lamination
of Cold Rolled Grain Oriented Silicon Steel
to reduce iron loss.
Provides the low reluctance path to the flux /2
ii) Armature Winding
Distributed Lap or wave wdgs.
Housed in slots, connected in series or parallel
An alternating emf is induced in the coil due to rotation
iii) Commutator
Conducting segments are seperated by insulation
Arm wdg is connected to these segments
Insulation
Conductor
Shaft
Commutator
Brush
Commutator
Commutator
Armature Wdg
Insulation
Conductor
Shaft
Commutator
Brush
Armature Core
iv) Shaft
Armature core and commutator are fixed on the
shaft by means of key.
On both sides there are bearings which is connected
to the yoke.
The DC machine = AC machine + Commutaor
The DC machine = AC machine + Converter
Action of Commutator
Two important Functions
1. To convert AC to DC or vice-versa
In case of Generator, commutator acts as a
Rectifier, AC to DC
In case of Motor, commutator acts as a
Inverter, DC to AC
2. To keep armature mmf stationary in space,
ie cross & dot polarities in armature.
Due to stationary mmf, electromagnetic torque Te is
stationary or constant at particular position, which
is required for the rotation of rotor or armature.
Action of Commutator
Gen - Rectifier, AC to DC
B1
B2
Action of Commutator
Gen - Rectifier, AC to DC
B1
B2
Action of Commutator
Gen - Rectifier, AC to DC
B1
B2
No change in flux
w r t time
No voltage is voltage is induced
in the arm conductor if it is
along brush axis
So conductors are
having no polarities
Action of Commutator
Gen - Rectifier, AC to DC
B1
B2
No change in flux
w r t time
No voltage is voltage is induced
in the arm conductor if it is
along brush axis
So conductors are
having no polarities
Action of Commutator
Gen - Rectifier, AC to DC
B1
A1 = 0 and A2 = 0
B1B2 not connected to condr
B1 = 0 and B2 = 0
A2
S
A1
VA1A2
B2
VB1B2
Action of Commutator
Gen - Rectifier, AC to DC
B1
A2
A2
A1
A1
VA1A2
B2
VB1B2
A1 = 0 and A2 = 0
B1B2 not connected to condr
B1 = 0 and B2 = 0
Now rotate the
armature by 900.
Find out the polarities
of A1 and A2
For gen apply RHR
Action of Commutator
Gen - Rectifier, AC to DC
B1
VA1A2
A2
A1
B2
VB1B2
A1 = 0 and A2 = 0
B1B2 not connected to condr
B1 = 0 and B2 = 0
Now rotate the
armature by 900.
Find out the polarities
of A1 and A2
For gen apply RHR
A1 = Cross A2 = Dot
B1 = Cross B2 = Dot
Action of Commutator
Gen - Rectifier, AC to DC
B1
A1
A2
A1
A1 and A2 move
parallel to flux
No voltage
A2
VA1A2
B2
VB1B2
A1 = 0
B1 = 0
A2 = 0
B2 = 0
Action of Commutator
Gen - Rectifier, AC to DC
B1
A1
A1
A2
A2
VA1A2
B2
VB1B2
Action of Commutator
Gen - Rectifier, AC to DC
B1
A2
VA1A2
B2
VB1B2
B1 = Cross
B2 = Dot
Action of Commutator
Gen - Rectifier, AC to DC
Again rotate the
B1
armature by 900.
Find out the polarities
A2
of A1 and A2
A1
A2
A1
VA1A2
B2
VB1B2
A1 and A2 move
parallel to flux
A1 = 0
B1 = 0
No voltage
A2 = 0
B2 = 0
Action of Commutator
Gen - Rectifier, AC to DC
B1
A2
S
A1
VA1A2
B2
VB1B2
Action of Commutator
Gen - Rectifier, AC to DC
B1
A2
S
A1
VA1A2
B2
VB1B2
A1 under N pole is
always positive
A1 under S pole is
always negative
So arm wdg is
having AC emf.
But B1 is always +
and B2 is always So output is DC
Rectifier action
Action of Commutator
Gen - Rectifier, AC to DC
If there is no
Commutator
As per AC genr
action, o/p is AC
Action
of
Commutator
B1
+
Gen - Rectifier, AC to DC
S
VB1B2
VA1A2
B2
Action
of
Commutator
B1
+
Gen - Rectifier, AC to DC
S
VB1B2
VA1A2
B2
Action
of
Commutator
B1
+
Gen - Rectifier, AC to DC
B2
Action
of
Commutator
B1
+
Gen - Rectifier, AC to DC
B2
Action of Commutator
+
B1
Motor - Inverter, DC to AC
Input DC supply is
given to motor
A1
B1 = + and B2 = -
A1 = 0, and A2 = 0
A2
VB1B2 = I/p DC
B2
VA1A2
Action of Commutator
+
B1
Motor - Inverter, DC to AC
A1
S
A2
VB1B2 = I/p DC
B2
VA1A2
Action of Commutator
+
B1
Motor - Inverter, DC to AC
A1
A2
A1
A2
VB1B2 = I/p DC
B2
VA1A2
Action of Commutator
+
B1
Motor - Inverter, DC to AC
A2
A1
VB1B2 = I/p DC
B2
VA1A2
A2 = -
Action of Commutator
+
B1
Motor - Inverter, DC to AC
Again, rotate the armature by
900 in anticlockwise dirN
Voltage VB1B2 =DC
A2
A2
A1
VB1B2 = I/p DC
B2
Supply is not
connected to A1A2
A1 = 0
A1
VA1A2
A2 = 0
Action of Commutator
+
B1
Motor - Inverter, DC to AC
Again, rotate the armature by
900 in anticlockwise dirN
Voltage VB1B2 =DC
A2
A1
A2
A1
VB1B2 = I/p DC
B2
VA1A2
A1 = -
A2 = +
Action of Commutator
+
B1
Motor - Inverter, DC to AC
Again, rotate the armature by
900 in anticlockwise dirN
Voltage VB1B2 =DC
A1
A1
A2
A2
VB1B2 = I/p DC
B2
VA1A2
A1 = 0
A2 = 0
Action of Commutator
+
B1
Motor - Inverter, DC to AC
Due to DC supply is given, B1 is
always + and B2 is always A1 under N pole is
always positive
S
A1 under S pole is
always negative
A1
N
A2
VB1B2 = I/p DC
B2
Inverter action
This is due to
commutator
Action of Commutator
+
B1
Motor - Inverter, DC to AC
B2
Action of Commutator
+
B1
Motor - Inverter, DC to AC
All conductors under N pole are
having CROSS polarity
S
All conductors under S pole are
having DOT polarity
B2
Generation of emf
The difference between AC and DC generator.
Collector or
Slip Rings
Generation of emf
The difference between AC and DC generator.
Collector or
Slip Rings
Fig.: AC Genr
Commutator
N turn Coil
DC OUTPUT
AC O/P
N turn Coil
Fig.: DC Genr
Generation of emf
In rotating machines, emf can be generated in armature wdg by
1. Rotating these windings through a magnetic field
2. Rotating magnetic field w r t these windings
3. Designing magnetic circuit to have variable reluctance with
rotor rotation
Consider first case
Generation of emf
1. Rotating these windings through a magnetic field
T turn arm coil
Armature Field Axis
A2
r
A1
= rt = 0
Both magnetic axes are
COINCIDENT
Cos0 = 1 =MAXIMUM
Flux linkage Cos or Cost
A1
A2
= rt = 90
F
A1
= rt
II
Average or DC value is
1
Ec T Sin t d( t )
2
T r
2
E c T r
n speed in rps
nP
r= 2 f 2
nP
2
2
Ec T n P 2 T n P
Conductor 2
Ec z n P
Conductor 1
Coil 12
60V
60V
AA
Rating of
arm wdg
220V, 3A
Ea Z n P
a
Ea Z N P
60 a
where, N = Speed in r p m
Ea depends upon the flux per pole and not upon the
shape of the flux density wave.
Flat Topped
Average value of
Flat Topped
Sinusoidal
Average value of
Sinusoidal
Schematic Diagram
Conductors move parallel with the flux.
No change in flux.
No induced voltage in the coils in this zone.
A
ARM
AA
Schematic Diagram
Brushes are positioned along Q axis or along MNA,
which is also called as Commutation Axis.
M. N. A. or G. N. A.or Commutation Axis
A
AA
Schematic Diagram
M. N. A. or G. N. A.or Commutation Axis
A
AA
Schematic Diagram
+
A
AA
Schematic Diagram
+
A
S
F
N
AA
FF
EMF Waveform
A
1
2
S
F
N
AA
FF
EMF Waveform
A
V11
1
2
V22
S
F
N
AA
FF
AC
EMF Waveform
+
A
Va-aa
DC
1
2
S
F
N
AA
FF
EMF Waveform
D axis
Q axis
Q axis
+
A
Va-aa
1
2
S
F
N
AA
D axis
FF
EMF Waveform
Q axis
S
F
N
AA
D axis
FF
+
If the brushes are put along D axis.
If rotor rotates.
There is more spark along D axis.
EMF Waveform
Q axis
S
F
N
AA
D axis
FF
+
Thats why the brushes are not installed
along D axis.
EMF Waveform
+
Va-aa
DC Voltage
A
1
2
S
F
N
AA
FF
EMF Waveform
+
Va-aa
A
1
2
S
F
N
AA
FF
EMF Waveform
+
A
1
3
S
3
N
AA
FF
EMF Waveform
+
Va-aa
A
1
3
S
3
N
AA
FF
+
If field wdg is excited.
If rotor rotates.
Then three phase voltages are generated
EMF Waveform
+
Va-aa
A
1
3
S
3
N
AA
FF
+
If field wdg is excited.
If rotor rotates.
Then three phase voltages are generated
EMF Waveform
+
Va-aa
A
1
3
S
3
N
AA
FF
+
If field wdg is excited.
If rotor rotates.
Then three phase voltages are generated
Va-aa
EMF Waveform
DC Voltage with two coils
DC Voltage with Three coils
Va-aa
EMF Waveform
DC Voltage with many coils in series
Distribution factor Kd
Cosider the coil 11.
Due to large number of coils, the phasor
diagram for the emf polygon becomes
almost a circle.
Therefore, the distribution factor for a DC
machine is
Phasor Sum of Coil emfs
Chord 2 r 2
Kd
Working Principle
(Principle of Operation)
In 1819, it was discovered by a Danish
Language Netherlands Physicist, Hans
Christian Oersted that an electric current is
always accomplished by a certain magnetic
effects. He found that when a current is
passed through a conductor placed above
the magnetic needle, the needle turns in a
certain direction.
which is also called as Motor Rule.
Working Principle
(Principle of Operation)
Working Principle
(Principle of Operation)
Whenever a current carrying conductor is
placed in a magnetic field, it experiences a
force whose direction is given by Flemings
Left Hand Rule
Working Principle
(Principle of Operation)
Pole Field
Conductor Field
Working Principle
(Principle of Operation)
Addition
N
Opposite
Force
Working Principle
(Principle of Operation)
Addition
N
Opposite
+
Opposite
Addition
Force
Force
Working Principle
(Principle of Operation)
+
N
ARM
Working Principle
(Principle of Operation)
MNA
+
N
ARM
Working Principle
(Principle of Operation)
MNA
+
N
ARM
Working Principle
(Principle of Operation)
MNA
+
N
ARM
Working Principle
(Principle of Operation)
MNA
+
N
New MNA
New MNA shifts towards the direction opposite to the direction
S
of rotation.
So shift the brush axis in a direction opposite to the direction
of rotation due to which there is less spark.
Working Principle
(Principle of Operation)
MNA
+
N
New MNA
New MNA shifts towards the direction Sopposite to the direction
of rotation.
Torque Developed
MNA
+
N
New MNA
Conductors under N pole with + polarity, when reacted with field
flux, produces downwards force.
S
Conductors under S pole with polarity, when reacted with field
flux, produces upwards force.
Commutator maintains these polarities constant. So there is
continuous torque and continuous rotation.
Torque Developed
Force on a conductor, F=B i l.
Torque developed by each conductor, T=B i l.r
Where B = Flux density wb/m2
i = Armature current in a conductor, Amp
l = Active length of conductor, m
r = Average radius at which conductors are placed, m
If motor contains Z conductors, then totalStorque
Ta = B i l r.Z
If Ia is the total armature current, then I = Ia/a.
Torque Developed
If is the total flux and A is the cross sectional area of flux path
at radius r, then B = /A,
Where A = (2 r l )/ p.
Therefore, the total torque
Ta = B i l r.Z =( /A) x (Ia/a) x l r Z = ( Ia l r Z ) / (aA)
= ( Ia l r Z ) / (a x (2 r l )/ p)
= ( Ia Z p) / (2 a )
= KT Ia Nm, where KT = Z p / S2 a
= K If Ia Nm, where K = KKT
Thus the torque is directly proportional to the field flux or field
current and armature current.
Torque Developed
Ia
B
N Pole
S Pole
Force or Torque
Average
Force or Torque
Torque Developed
Gross Torque TG: The torque developed by the armature Ta is
called as Gross Torque.
Shaft Torque Tsh: Some torque developed by the armature is
lost to overcome the Iron and Friction and
Windage loss, Tsh=Ta-TLost Torque.
The torque available at the shaft is called as
Shaft Torque Tsh (Useful Torque).
B. H . P. 735.5
Tsh
, n speed in r p s
2 n
S
Back EMF
MNA
Back EMF
MNA
Eb
Back EMF
Eb
ROTATION
ROTATION
MNA
Back EMF
MNA
Eb
Back EMF
MNA
Eb
Back EMF
MNA
Eb
I =(V-E )/r
a
Back EMF
This Back EMF makes DC motor as Self-Regulating Machine.
This makes to draw required Ia to match the Load Torque.
S
Under no load, torque is required to overcome F & W losses.
Therefore Ia is very low. V and Eb are nearly equal.
Back EMF
Equivalent Circuit
In DC machine armature have parallel paths equal to a.
Each path have resistance rp and generated EMF Eb.
Ia
Ia
rp
Eb
rp
Ia
rp
rp
rp
Eb Eb Eb Eb
Vb
ra
Eb
Equivalent Circuit
In DC machine armature have parallel paths equal to a.
Each path have resistance rp and generated EMF Eb.
Ia
Ia
rp
Eb
rp
Ia
rp
rp
rp
Eb Eb Eb Eb
Vb
ra
Eb
Equivalent Circuit
In DC machine armature have parallel paths equal to a.
Each path have resistance rp and generated EMF Eb.
Ia
Ia
Vb
ra
Eb
Ia
A
V
ra
Eb
AA
ra
Eb
AA
Equivalent Circuit
Circuit Model of DC Motor
Psh
I a ra
A
n
V
AA
Tsh
FF
F
VF
Equivalent Circuit
Circuit Model of DC Motor
Psh
I a ra
A
n
V
AA
Tsh
FF
F
VF
Equivalent Circuit
Circuit Model of DC Motor
I a ra
A
F
V
AA
DC Shunt Motor
FF
Equivalent Circuit
OR
DC Shunt Motor
Equivalent Circuit
OR
DC Shunt Motor
Power
Voltage Equation for DC Motor, V=Eb+Iara+Vb
Vb = Brush Contact Voltage Drop =1-2 volts. Hence neglected.
V=E +I r
b
Ia
a a
Multiplying by Ia on
both sides.
VIa=EbIa+Ia2ra
Electromagnetic Power
F
FF
AA
Shunt Motor
Power
EbIa= Output Power=Electromagnetic Power
or Electrical Equivalent of Mechanical Power Pm developed in the
Armature causing Rotation of the Armature.
Pm=EbIa=VIa - Ia2ra
VIa=E
EbIa+I
+Iaa22rraa
Psh=Pm - Constant Loss.
=EbIa - (Iron Loss +F & W Loss).
If brush contact loss is given
P =E I =Vi
m
b a
2
I
a
a ra VbIa
Power
EbIa= Output Power=Electromagnetic Power
or Electrical Equivalent of Mechanical Power Pm developed in the
Armature causing Rotation of the Armature.
Pm=EbIa=Via - Ia2ra
VIa=E
EbIa+I
+Iaa22rraa
Psh=Pm - Constant Loss.
=EbIa - (Iron Loss +F & W Loss).
If brush contact loss is given
P =E I =Vi
m
b a
2
I
a
a ra VbIa
+Ia2ra
EbIa
Psh +Constant Loss.
Power
EbIa= Output Power=Electromagnetic Power
or Electrical Equivalent of Mechanical Power Pm developed in the
Armature causing Rotation of the Armature.
Pm=EbIa=Via - Ia2ra
VIa=E
EbIa+I
+Iaa22rraa
Psh=Pm - Constant Loss.
=EbIa - (Iron Loss +F & W Loss).
EbIa
Ia 2 r a
P =E I =Vi
m
b a
Constant Loss.
- I r VbIa
2
a a
Psh
( Tsh)
Power
EbIa= Output Power=Electromagnetic Power
or Electrical Equivalent of Mechanical Power Pm developed in the
Armature causing Rotation of the Armature.
Pm=EbIa=Via - Ia2ra
VIa=E
EbIa+I
+Iaa22rraa
Pi
P =P - Constant Loss.
sh
P =E I =Vi
m
b a
- I r VbIa
2
a a
Pm
EbIa
Po
Psh
( Tsh)
Ia 2 r a
Constant Loss.
Power
Condition for Maximum Power
We know that Pm=EbIa=Via - Ia2ra
Differentiating both sides with respect to Ia
dPm
V 2 I a ra 0, I a ra V / 2
dI a
Back EMF Eb V V / 2 V / 2
ARM
Field Flux
S D axis
D axis
ARM
Field Flux
S D axis
D axis
ARM
Field Flux
S D axis
D axis
ARM
Field Flux
S D axis
D axis
a
ARM
Field Flux
S D axis
D axis
a
When the current flows in the Field and Armature windings.
Arm flux adds at the upper end of N pole and lower end of S pole.
This strengthens the main field in the said area.
ARM
Field Flux
S D axis
D axis
a
Arm flux opposes at the lower end of N pole
and upper end of S pole.
This weakens the main field at this ends.
MNA
ARM
Field Flux
S D axis
MNA
f
D axis
r
Q axis or GNA
Q axis or GNA
MNA
ARM
Field Flux
S D axis
MNA
f
D axis
r
H1 H0 H2 H
H1 H0 H2 H
f
a1
r1
D Axis
Q axis
D axis
GNA
Stator
Rotor
Field Wdg
Q axis
GNA
D axis
Q axis
GNA
Q axis
D axis
GNA
Field Wdg
Q axis
GNA
D axis
Q axis
GNA
Stator
Rotor
Flux Density B Waveform for Main Field alone
Q axis
D axis
GNA
Field Wdg
Q axis
GNA
D axis
Q axis
GNA
Stator
Rotor
Flux Density B Waveform for Main Field alone
Q axis
GNA
D axis
Field Wdg
Q axis
D axis
Q axis
GNA
GNA
Stator
Rotor
Arm
wdg
Q axis
GNA
D axis
Field Wdg
Q axis
D axis
Q axis
GNA
GNA
Stator
Rotor
Arm
wdg
Q axis
GNA
D axis
Field Wdg
Q axis
D axis
GNA
Q axis
GNA
Stator
Rotor
Arm
wdg
Q axis
D axis
GNA
Field Wdg
Q axis
D axis
GNA
Q axis
GNA
Stator
Rotor
Substraction
Addition
Armature MMF Waveform
Arm
wdg
Q axis
GNA
D axis
Field Wdg
Q axis
D axis
GNA
Q axis
GNA
Stator
Rotor
More Spark
Armature MMF Waveform
Arm
wdg
Q axis
D axis
GNA
Field Wdg
Q axis
D axis
GNA
Q axis
GNA
Stator
Rotor
ARM
Saddle shaped arm flux
Arm
wdg
Q axis
GNA
D axis
Field Wdg
Q axis
D axis
GNA
Q axis
GNA
Stator
Rotor
Arm
wdg
Q axis
GNA
D axis
Field Wdg
Q axis
D axis
GNA
Q axis
GNA
Stator
Rotor
Arm
wdg
Q axis
GNA
D axis
Field Wdg
Q axis
D axis
GNA
Q axis
GNA
Stator
Rotor
Arm
wdg
Q axis
GNA
D axis
Field Wdg
Q axis
D axis
GNA
Q axis
GNA
Stator
Rotor
This is Trailing
Edge of Pole
Arm
wdg
Less Flux
More Flux
c) Sparking.
Under heavy load condition, the flux density
waveform is distorted considerably. So more
voltage may be generated in the coils. If adjacent
commutator segments voltage exceeds 30 or 40V,
a spark may occur between these segments. Some
times this spark may spread around the
commutator in the form of ring fire.
ARM
1 1 1
2 2 2
2
Air Gap
High Reluctance
to Arm Flux
1
1
1
2
2
2
Staking of
Laminations
Alternately.
ARM
S D axis
Interpole wdg is connected
in series with arm wdg.
Interpole
ARM
Slots
S
Q axis
ARM
MNA
ARM
MNA
New MNA
New MNA shifts towards the direction opposite to the direction
S
of rotation.
So shift the brush axis in a direction opposite to the direction
of rotation due to which there is less spark.
New MNA
MNA shifts in the direction of rotation in case of generator and
against the direction of rotation in caseS of motor.
If brushes are given forward shift in case of generator and
backward shift in case of motor, then there is GOOD
commutation (Less Spark).
Q Axis
f
a
D Axis
N
Resolve a
1. aq is right angle
to main flux f .
Cross-magnetizing
or Distorting
component of arm
flux.
aq = a Cos
Q Axis
ad
a
aq
2. ad is opposing
the main field
This reduces the
main field.
S
D Axis Demagnetizing
Component of
arm flux
ad= a Sin
N
Resultant flux r is
reduced due to
brush shift even if
there is no
saturation
Q Axis
ad
a
aq
aq and ad will
increse with the
increase in armature
current.
S
D Axis
Q Axis
ad
a
aq
D Axis
180-2
N
180-2
S
Q Axis
2
f
ad
a
aq
D Axis
2
180-2
N
180-2
S
Q Axis
ad
a
aq
D Axis
Consider
2
180-2
N
This gives ad
This ad is
demagnetizing
arm flux.
Conductors in 4
gives
demagnetizing
ampere turns.
180-2
S
Q Axis
ad
a
aq
Demagnetizing
ampere turns per
pole ATd
4 I a Z 1
=
S
360 a 2 P
D Axis
angle in
electrical degrees
Consider
180-2
180-2
N
This gives aq
This aq is
crossmagnetizing
arm flux.
Conductors in
360-4 gives
crossmagnetizing
ampere turns.
180-2
S
Q Axis
ad
a
aq
Crossmagnetizing
ampere turns per
pole ATc
360 4 I a Z 1
=
S
360
a 2 P
D Axis
angle in
electrical degrees
Cross
Magnetizing
Conductors,
(180-2)0 electrical
COMMUTATION
Armature conductor carries + current under N pole and
current under S pole.
So current is reversed. This reversal takes place along
brush axis.
During reversal armature coil is short circuited.
If coil is having low induced voltage along brush axis,
large current flows in short circuited coil.
As you know, under short circuit test of transformer, low
voltage is required for the flow of rated current.
The process by which current is a coil is reversed during the short
circuit is known as COMMUTATION
The period during which the coil remains short circuited is called
commutation period and is represented by Tc.
COMMUTATION
Good commutation means no sparking at the brushes.
Poor commutation means sparking at the brushes.
Poor commutation may be due to
1. An elliptical form of the commutator.
2. Unbalancing of the commutator.
3. Uneven projection of the commutator segments.
4. Vibration of the brush holders.
The causes of sparking
1. Increase in voltage between commutator segments,
which may result in flash over.
2. Increase in current density at the trailing edge of the
brush.
COMMUTATION
S
Armature
Commutator
S
Armature
Winding
Commutator
segments
COMMUTATION PROCESS
Q axis
Commutator
Segments
1
Brush
Stator
Width of
brush=width of
segment
Rotor
COMMUTATION PROCESS
Commutator
Segments
1
Q axis
Current=2Ic
Brush
Ic
1
Ic
1
Ic
Ic
Ic
2Ic
Ic
4 Coils
3
Ic
Consider
Stator this portion
Rotor
Ic
5
COMMUTATION PROCESS
Q axis
Anticlockwise direction
Clockwise direction
N Pole
1
2Ic
S Pole
4
3
Ic
Ic
Ic
Consider coil 3
Ic
COMMUTATION PROCESS
Q axis
Anticlockwise direction
Clockwise direction
N Pole
1
2Ic
S Pole
4
3
Ic
Ic
Ic
Ic
COMMUTATION PROCESS
Q axis
2Ic
2Ic-I5
1
Ic-I5
Ic
Ic
Ic
COMMUTATION PROCESS
Q axis
2Ic
Ic-I5
Ic
Ic
Ic
COMMUTATION PROCESS
Q axis
2Ic
Ic
1
3
Ic
Ic
Ic=0
Ic
COMMUTATION PROCESS
Q axis
Total current remains constant = 2Ic
Ic
1
3
Ic
Ic
5
Ic=0
6
Ic
4
Coil is Shorted
COMMUTATION PROCESS
Q axis
Total current remains constant = 2Ic
Ic
1
3
Ic
Ic
5
Ic=0
Ic
4
Coil is Shorted
Coil may burn.
If induced low voltage is present, high current flows.
2
COMMUTATION PROCESS
Q axis
2Ic
Ic
1
3
Ic
Ic
Ic=0
Ic
COMMUTATION PROCESS
Q axis
Total current remains constant = 2Ic
So current flows
from segment 4 to
I4
brush is I4.
1
3
Ic
Ic
Ic-I4
Ic
COMMUTATION PROCESS
Q axis
Total current remains constant = 2Ic
So current flows
from segment 4 to
I4
brush is I4.
1
2
Ic
3
Ic
1
2
As soon as rotor moves I4 is
interrupted, so there is spark.
Ic-I4
Ic
4
Again move rotor towards left
COMMUTATION PROCESS
Q axis
Total current remains constant = 2Ic
So current flows
from segment 4 to
brush is zero.
1
Ic
Ic
Ic
6
Ic
COMMUTATION PROCESS
Q axis
+Ic
2Ic
0
-Ic
3
Ic
Ic
1
Initially current polarity is dot,
with current = +Ic
Ic
Ic
4
Coil 3
COMMUTATION PROCESS
Q axis
+Ic
2Ic
0
2Ic-I5
1
-Ic
4
I5
Ic-I5
Ic
Ic
Ic
4
Coil 3
COMMUTATION PROCESS
Q axis
2Ic
+Ic
0
Ic
1
-Ic
4
3
Ic
Ic
Ic=0
Ic
Ic
4
Coil 3
COMMUTATION PROCESS
Q axis
2Ic
+Ic
0
I4
1
-Ic
4
3
Ic
Ic
Ic-I4
2Ic-I4
Ic
4
Coil 3
COMMUTATION PROCESS
Q axis
2Ic
+Ic
0
-Ic
Ic
Ic
Ic
Ic
4
So current is reversed
from +Ic to -Ic
COMMUTATION PROCESS
+Ic
0
-Ic
Tc
The time required by a coil to change the current from +Ic to Ic, is
Tc, commutation period.
The time Tc, can be calculated from the relation
Tc
BrushWidth
One Millisecond or less
commutator peripheral Speed
COMMUTATION PROCESS
Delayed or Under Commutation
+Ic
Ideal Commutation
0
-Ic
Tc
Current in
Spark
COMMUTATION PROCESS
Delayed or Under Commutation
+Ic
Ideal Commutation
Over or
0
Accelerated
Commutation -Ic
Current in
Spark
Tc
If the current changes from +Ic to Ic in the time less than Tc,
then the commutation is called as Over or Accelerated Commutation.
This gives satisfactory commutation.
COMMUTATION PROCESS
The nature of current in the coil being commutated depends on:
1. The resistance of copper-carbon contact.
2. The resistance of the coil being commutated.
2. The emfs induced in the coil due to
a) Self inductance and
b) Mutual inductance with another coil.
IMPROVING
COMMUTATION
There are three methods of obtaining sparkless commutation.
1. Resistance Commutation.
2. Voltage Commutation.
3. Compensating Commutation.
IMPROVING
COMMUTATION
1. Resistance Commutation
If the time constant of coil i. e. L/R is reduced,
then the current change is faster.
So metal brush is replaced by high resistance carbon brush.
+Ic
Resistance Commutation
0
-Ic
Tc
If the resistance of the coil and brush is considered then variation
of current is as shown in figure.
Such type of commutation is called as resistance commutation.
IMPROVING
COMMUTATION
1. Resistance Commutation
Due to resistance, current Ic also decreases.
For small rating or fractional machines, thin wires are used due
to which there is more resistance. This gives good commutation.
IMPROVING
COMMUTATION
As per Lenzs Law, this reactance voltage opposes the cause of
it, and the cause is change in current.
The change in current is delayed. Thats why it is also called as
Delayed Commutation.
Delayed or Under Commutation
+Ic
Ideal Commutation
0
-Ic
Current in
Spark
Tc
2
IMPROVING
COMMUTATION
The spark due to voltage commutation is minimised by the use
of Interpoles.
Interpoles are also called as Compensating Poles or Compoles.
Interpoles are placed in between
Interpole
main poles.
Q axis
They are narrow and Smaller in size.
Interpole
ARM
S D axis
IMPROVING
COMMUTATION
Interpole
Interpole
S
Q axis
ARM
Interpole Winding.
L
A I
F
H
F
FF
II
HH Y
A
YY
AA
IMPROVING
COMMUTATION
Functions of interpoles.
1. To neutralizes the cross magnetizing
effect of arm reaction.
S
Q axis
cross
Interpole
magnetizing
ad
N
Interpole
ARM
S D axis
aq
IMPROVING
COMMUTATION
Functions of interpoles.
2. To neutralizes the reactance voltage
and to make sparkless commutation.
S
Q axis Some of the interpole flux neutralizes
Interpole
the cross mangetizing flux and
remaining interpole flux
induces rotational
ARM
N
S D axis emf in the coil which
opposes the
reactance voltage.
So reactance voltage decreases.
Delaying of current decreases.
N
Interpole
That resulted in to less spark.
IMPROVING
COMMUTATION
Reactance Voltage due to linear commutation=
2I c
Tc
1.11 L
Current in
Spark
Tc
2
2I c
Tc
Q axis
D axis
Q axis
D axis
Q axis
Stator
Rotor
1
Q axis
D axis
Q axis
Stator
Rotor
1
D axis
Q axis
Q axis
D axis
Q axis
Stator
Rotor
1
D axis
Q axis
Q axis
S
Stator
Rotor
1
D axis
Q axis
D axis
Q axis
Q axis
D axis
Q axis
Stator
Rotor
1
D axis
Q axis
IMPROVING
COMMUTATION
3. Compensating Commutation
The interpole winding is effective only in the commutating zone.
With interpole winding the resulted flux waveform is
Consider coil aa at the peak
position of flux, where flux is
rising of falling suddenly.
a
a
Under this condition large voltage may be induced
If this voltage is more than 40V between the
commutator segments, then nearby air is ionized.
This may result in to the flashover, damaging segments, mica
sheet and sometimes armature winding.
IMPROVING
COMMUTATION
3. Compensating Commutation
The induction of voltage also depends on sudden change in
heavy load.
If load increases, current increases, flux increases or flux
changes from lower to higher value, so induced voltage
increases.
If load decreases, current decreases, flux decreases or flux
changes from higher to lower value, so induced voltage
increases.
The induction of voltage can be neutralized or compensated by
providing winding in the pole shoe or pole face and connecting
that winding in series with armature winding.
Because load current flows through the armature winding.
IMPROVING
COMMUTATION
3. Compensating Commutation
Compensating
wdg
Slots
ARM
+
Compensating wdg is
+
+
connected in series
+S D axis
with armature wdg.
+
+
Compensating wdg
+
polarities are opposite
to that of arm wdg polarities in order to
reduce the induced voltage in the coil
to have better commutation.
Interpole Winding.
+
YY H
F
FF
Compensating
HH C Winding.
A
CC
AA
Q axis
D axis
Q axis
D axis
Q axis
Stator
Rotor
Q axis
D axis
Q axis
D axis
Q axis
Stator
Rotor
Armature Flux
Q axis
D axis
Q axis
D axis
Q axis
Stator
Rotor
Armature Flux
Q axis
D axis
Q axis
D axis
Stator
Rotor
Q axis
Armature Flux
Q axis
D axis
Q axis
D axis
Stator
Rotor
Armature Flux
Q axis
Q axis
D axis
Q axis
Stator
Rotor
D axis
Q axis
Q axis
D axis
Q axis
Stator
Rotor
D axis
Q axis
Q axis
D axis
Q axis
Stator
Rotor
D axis
Q axis
Q axis
D axis
Q axis
D axis
Q axis
Stator
Rotor
Q axis
D axis
Q axis
D axis
Q axis
Stator
Rotor
Q axis
D axis
Q axis
D axis
Q axis
Stator
Rotor
D axis
D axis
D axis
D axis
ATcomp
Ia Z 1
Pole Arc
( )
a 2 P
pole Pitch
Ia Z 1
0.7
a 2 P
Pole Arc
Pole Pitch
D axis
D axis
S
70%
ARM
+
+
+
+S
+
+
+
100%
IMPROVING
COMMUTATION
The methods of obtaining sparkless commutation are.
1. Resistance Commutation: by increasing brush contact
resistance.
2. Voltage Commutation: by providing interpole winding.
3. Compensating Commutation: by providing compensating
winding.
CLASSIFICATION
TYPES OF MOTORS
(METHODS OF EXCITATION
In general, there are two methods of exciting the field winding.
1. Separate excitation
+
Ia
A
A
F
OR
+
FF
AA
N-
Ia
N-
AA
FF