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    Energy Conversion 4

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    kapsicumad
    The document discusses transformers, including their applications, types, construction, and ideal operation. It describes how transformers transfer electric energy by changing voltage levels through a magnetic field using coils wrapped around a common core. In an ideal transformer, the voltage and current ratios are determined by the turns ratio, and power, reactive power, and apparent power transfer are 100% efficient. However, real transformers have magnetizing current and core losses that make them less than ideal.

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    Energy Conversion 4

    Uploaded by

    kapsicumad
    143 views35 pages
    The document discusses transformers, including their applications, types, construction, and ideal operation. It describes how transformers transfer electric energy by changing voltage levels through a magnetic field using coils wrapped around a common core. In an ideal transformer, the voltage and current ratios are determined by the turns ratio, and power, reactive power, and apparent power transfer are 100% efficient. However, real transformers have magnetizing current and core losses that make them less than ideal.

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    Energy Conversion

    Original Title

    25471 Energy Conversion 4

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    The document discusses transformers, including their applications, types, construction, and ideal operation. It describes how transformers transfer electric energy by changing voltage levels through a magnetic field using coils wrapped around a common core. In an ideal transformer, the voltage and current ratios are determined by the turns ratio, and power, reactive power, and apparent power transfer are 100% efficient. However, real transformers have magnetizing current and core losses that make them less than ideal.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as ppt, pdf, or txt
    143 views35 pages

    Energy Conversion 4

    Uploaded by

    kapsicumad
    The document discusses transformers, including their applications, types, construction, and ideal operation. It describes how transformers transfer electric energy by changing voltage levels through a magnetic field using coils wrapped around a common core. In an ideal transformer, the voltage and current ratios are determined by the turns ratio, and power, reactive power, and apparent power transfer are 100% efficient. However, real transformers have magnetizing current and core losses that make them less than ideal.

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    Download as ppt, pdf, or txt
    of 35

    ENERGY CONVERSION ONE

    (Course 25741)

    Chapter Two
    TRANSFORMERS

    INTRODUCTION

    Applications, Types, and Construction of


    Transformers
    Applications: Transfers Electric Energy, changing
    the voltage level (or current level), through a
    magnetic field (In our study)
    Other applications: e.g., voltage & current sampling
    and measurement, impedance transformation
    It has two or more coils wrapped around a common
    electromagnetic core
    Generally, flux in the core is common among the
    coils

    INTRODUCTION
    One winding is connected to source of ac power, the 2 nd (& 3rd )
    supplies power to loads
    Winding connected to source named Primary
    Winding connected to load named Secondary
    If there is another one is called Tertiary
    Importance of Transformers:
    Main: to transfer electrical energy over long distances (from power
    plants to load centers)
    In modern power system electric energy is generated at voltages
    between 12 to 25 kV, Transformers step up voltage between 110 kV
    to 1200 kV for transmission over long distances with very small
    losses
    in Iran 230 and 420 kV for transmission and 63 kV and 132 kV for
    sub-transmission (and frequency of 50 Hz)
    Then Transformers step down to 33 kV or 24 kV for local distribution
    & finally supply safely homes, offices & factories at voltages as low as
    230 V, as 1 phase and 400 V as 3 phase

    INTRODUCTION

    Transformers are classified, based on types


    of core structure, into: (both use thin
    laminations)
    1- Core form,transformer windings
    wrapped on two legs as shown

    2- Shell form, transformer windings


    Wrapped only on center leg as shown:
    (leakage flux is minimized)

    INTRODUCTION

    The primary and secondary windings are wrapped one on


    top of the other to:
    Reduce the leakage flux
    And the low-voltage winding innermost to :
    Simplify insulating of the high-voltage winding
    from the core
    Types of transformers :
    Step up/Unit transformers located at output of a generator to step up
    the voltage level to transmit the power
    Step down/Substation transformers Located at main distribution or
    secondary level transmission substations to lower the voltage levels for
    distribution 1st level purposes
    Distribution Transformers located at small distribution substation. It
    lowers the voltage levels for 2nd level distribution purposes.
    Special Purpose Transformers - E.g. Potential Transformer (PT) ,
    Current Transformer (CT)

    Oil immersed Distribution Transformers

    Dry Type Distribution Transformers

    TWO WINDING TRANSFORMER


    CONNECTION
    SINGLE PHASE

    IDEAL TRANSFORMER
    (SINGLE PHASE)
    a lossless transformer with an input winding
    and an output winding in which magnetic core
    has an infinite permeability
    Figure below shows: ideal transformer and
    schematic symbols of a transformer

    IDEAL TRANSFORMER

    Np : turns of wire on its primary side


    Ns : turns of wire on its secondary sides
    The relationship between the primary and secondary
    voltage is as follows: (a: is the turns ratio)

    vp t

    vs t

    Np
    Ns

    The relationship between primary and secondary


    current is Np ip(t) = Ns is(t)

    ip t
    is t

    IDEAL TRANSFORMER
    In terms of Phasor quantities:
    Vp/Vs=a , Ip / Is=1/a
    while:
    1- phase angles of Vp and Vs are the same
    2- phase angles of Ip and Is are the same
    ideal transformer turn ratio affects the magnitude of
    voltages & currents not their angles
    Now: given primary circuit voltage is positive at
    specific end of coil, what would be the polarity of
    secondary circuits voltage?

    IDEAL TRANSFORMER

    It is possible to specify the secondarys polarity


    only if transformers were opened & it windings
    examined
    To avoid requirement of this examination,
    transformers employ a dot convention:

    If the primary voltage is +ve at the dotted end of the winding wrt the
    undotted end, then the secondary voltage will be positive at the dotted
    end also. Voltage polarities are the same wrt the dots on each side of
    the core.

    If the primary current of the transformer flows into the dotted end of the
    primary winding, the secondary current will flow out of the dotted end of
    the secondary winding

    IDEAL TRANSFORMER
    Power in Ideal Transformer
    -Power supplied to Transformer:Pin= Vp Ip cosp
    -Power supplied to loads : Pout=Vs Is coss
    Since V & I angles unaffected by ideal transformer p = s=
    Using the turn ratio; Vp/Vs=a , Ip / Is=1/a
    Pout = Vp / a (a Ip) cos = Pin
    similiar relation for reactive power Q & S
    Qin= Vp Ip sinp= Vs Is sins = Qout
    Sin= Vp Ip = Vs Is = Sout

    IDEAL TRANSFORMER
    Impedance Transformation
    Load impedance ZL = Vs/Is and apparent impedance of
    primary circuit: ZL=Vp/Ip
    Vp = aVs
    Is = a I p
    ZL=Vp/Ip= aVs / Is /a= a ZL
    With a transformer,
    it is possible to match
    magnitude of a load
    impedance with source
    impedance by picking proper turn ratio

    IDEAL TRANSFORMER
    Analysis of CCT.s containing Ideal Transformer
    In equivalent cct.
    a) Voltages & impedances replaced by scaled values,
    b) polarities reversed if the dots on one side of
    transformer windings are reversed compared to dots
    on the other side of transformer windings
    Example: A single phase power system consists of a
    480 V, 50 Hz generator supplying a load Z load=4+j3
    through a transmission line of impedance:
    Zline=0.18+j0.24
    a) what is the voltage at load? What is the
    transmission losses?

    IDEAL TRANSFORMER
    b) a 1:10 step-up transformer placed at the
    generator end of transmission line & a step
    down transformer placed at load end of line.
    What is load voltage ? What is transmission
    losses?

    IDEAL TRANSFORMER
    a) IG=Iline=Iload
    Iline = V / (Zline + Zload)=480 0 / [(0.18b+ j 0.24)+(4+j3)]

    0
    = 480
    / (4.18 + j 3.24) = 480 0 / 5.29 37.8 =

    37
    .
    8
    90.8
    A
    Load voltage : Vload= Iline Zload=(90.8 37.8 )(4+j3)=
    454 0.9 V
    And the losses are :
    Pline=(Iline) Rline=(90.8)(0.18)=1484 W

    IDEAL TRANSFORMER
    b) need to convert the system to a common voltage
    Need two steps to be followed:
    1- eliminate T2 referring to load to Transmission lines voltage
    2-eliminate T1 by referring transmission lines elements & equivalent load to
    source side
    step 1: Zload=a Zload = (10/1) (4+j3)=400+j300

    36
    .
    88
    Zeq=Zline+Zload=400.18+j300.24=500.3

    IDEAL TRANSFORMER
    Step 2: total impedance reflected cross T1 to source
    side
    Zeq=a Zeq =a (Zline+Zload)

    =(1/10)(0.18+j0.24+400+j300)=

    = 0.0018+j0.0024+4+j3=5.003 36.88

    IDEAL TRANSFORMER

    The generator current is :

    36
    .
    88
    IG=480/ [5.003 36.88 ] =95.94
    Now it can be worked back to find Iline & Iload through T1

    36
    .
    88
    Np1IG=NS1IlineIline = Np1/Ns1 IG =(1/10)(9.594
    )

    Working back through T2:


    Np2IG=NS2Iline

    36
    .
    88
    Iload = Np2/Ns2 Iline =(10/1)(95.94 36.88 )=95.94

    The load voltage:


    Vload =Iload Zload=(95.94 36.88)(5

    36.87

    )=479.7 0.01
    Volts

    IDEAL TRANSFORMER
    The line losses are given:
    Ploss= Iline Rline = 9.594 0.18 = 16.7 W
    Note: rising transmission voltage of power
    system reduced transmission losses
    by a factor of 90
    Also voltage at load dropped much
    less

    REAL SINGLE PHASE


    TRANSFORMER
    Operation of a real Transformer

    primary connected to ac source, secondary


    open circuited

    REAL SINGLE PHASE


    TRANSFORMER
    The transformers hysteresis curve is shown
    Based on Faradays law:
    eind= d /dt
    Where = i (on N turn)
    av.= / N
    And e ind= N d av/dt

    REAL SINGLE PHASE


    TRANSFORMER
    Voltage Ratio of realizing the leakage flux in a real
    Transformer
    p=m+Lp
    S= m+LS
    Since m >>LS , m >>Lp
    m can be employed to determine the induced voltage
    in the windings and approximately : Vp(t)/Vs(t)=Np/NS=a
    As smaller the leakage fluxes, the better ideal
    transformer turn ratio approximate the real transformer
    turn ratio

    REAL SINGLE PHASE


    TRANSFORMER
    Magnetization Current in a Real Transformer
    ac source even when the secondary is open
    circuited supply a current to produce flux in real
    ferromagnetic core (as seen in chapter One)
    There are two components in the current:
    (a) magnetization current iM, required to produce
    flux
    (b) core-loss current ih+e supplies hysteresis & eddy
    current losses of core

    REAL SINGLE PHASE


    TRANSFORMER
    Magnetization curve of a typical transformer
    core can be considered as a saturation curve

    REAL SINGLE PHASE


    TRANSFORMER
    Knowing the flux in the core magnitude of
    magnetization current can be found from curve
    Ignoring the leakage flux in the core:
    av = 1/Np vp(t) dt
    If vp(t) = Vm cos t av= 1/Np Vm cos t dt =
    = Vm/( Np) sin t
    If current required to produce a given flux
    determined at different times from the
    magnetization curve (above), the magnetization
    current can be found

    REAL SINGLE PHASE


    TRANSFORMER
    Finding magnetization current

    REAL SINGLE PHASE


    TRANSFORMER
    Magnetizing current (another example)

    REAL SINGLE PHASE


    TRANSFORMER
    Note (Magnetization Current):
    1 magnetization current is nonsinusoidal
    2 - once peak flux reaches the saturation point, a small
    increase in peak flux results in a very large increase in
    magnetization current
    3 - fundamental component of magnetization current
    lags the voltage applied by 90
    4 - higher harmonics (odd one) are present in the
    magnetization current and may have relatively large
    amount compared to the fundamental &
    as core driven further into saturation, larger the
    harmonic components become

    REAL SINGLE PHASE


    TRANSFORMER
    Other components of no-load current of
    transformer
    is required to supply the hysteresis and eddy
    current losses in the core
    assuming sinusoidal flux in the core , eddy
    current loss in core proportional to d/dt and is
    largest when flux pass 0
    Eddy and hysteresis loss shown in Fig 1 and
    the total current required to produce flux in the
    core shown in Fig 2

    REAL SINGLE PHASE


    TRANSFORMER
    Exciting Current (components: e+h & m)

    Fig 1

    Fig 2

    REAL SINGLE PHASE


    TRANSFORMER
    Current Ratio & Dot Convention
    A current flowing into dotted
    end of winding produces
    a pos. mmf, while current
    flowing to undotted end of winding
    proguces neg. mmf
    Two current flowing into dotted ends of their respective
    windings produce mmfs that add
    If one current flows into a dotted end of a winding and
    one flows out of dotted end, then mmfs will subtract
    each other

    REAL SINGLE PHASE


    TRANSFORMER

    In this situation as shown in last figure


    P =NPIP , S=-NSIS
    net= NPIP-NSIS
    The net mmf produce net flux in core
    net= NPIP-NSIS = R
    Where R; reluctance of transformer core
    Since R of well designed is very small until core
    saturate net= NPIP-NSIS 0
    Therefore until core unsaturated N PIP NSIS
    IP/IS NP /NS =1/a

    REAL SINGLE PHASE


    TRANSFORMER
    To convert a real transformer to an ideal
    transformer following assumptions are required:
    1- core must have no hysteresis or eddy current
    2- magnetization curve must have shape shown
    (infinite permeabilty before satuartion)net=0 and
    NPIP=NSIS
    3- leakage flux in core must be zero, implying all
    flux in core couples both windings
    4- resistance of transformer windings must be
    zero

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