185 - Semiconductors in Medical Applications
185 - Semiconductors in Medical Applications
185 - Semiconductors in Medical Applications
Medical Applications
Angelo, Antolin, Arellano, Avila, Catibog, Dufourt
Medical
Applications
HISTORY OF BCI
2. Non-Invasive BCI
Easier and safer
3. Partially Invasive
Planted within the skull but outside the brain
Challenges of BCI
1. The brain is incredibly complex.
To say that all thoughts or actions are the result of simple electric signals
in the brain is a gross understatement.
2. The signal is weak and prone to interference.
Reading brain signals is like listening to a bad phone connection. There's
lots of static.
3. The equipment is less than portable.
Challenges of BCI
4. Usually invasive
5. Restricted to a small number of cells
6. Suffer from low spatial resolution
7. Lack of an implantable neural interface system that remains viable for a
lifetime
8. Varying distance between electrodes give different electrical activity values of
neurons
Non-Invasive and
Partially Invasive BCIs
Electroencephalography (EEG)
Electrocorticography (ECoG)
Hippocampus cultured in semiconductor chip
Electroencephalogram
EEG is the
electrical brain
activity recorded
from electrodes
placed on the scalp.
Electroencephalogram (EEG)
synchronous activity of thousands of cortical neurons
does not provide detailed information on the activity of
single neurons
characterized by small signal amplitudes (a few Volts) and
noisy measurements
Mechanism of EEG
1. Measurement of minute voltage differences by electrodes
2. Amplification of signals
3. Filtering of signals
4. Interpretation by computer
2. Dry Electrodes
May be spiky, non-contact, or heterogeneous
OTHERS
Hippocampus cultured on semiconductor chips
Neural dust
Here, thousands of of 10-100 micrometer scale, freefloating, independent sensor nodes containing CMOS
circuits detect and report local extracellular
electrophysiological data
A sub-cranial interrogator that establishes power and
communication links with the neural dust
Glucose Monitoring
DIABETES
Diabetes
Mellitus
is
a
chronic
metabolic disease
that affects the
pancreas' ability to produce or respond to
insulin.
Has 2 types:
Type I: the beta-cells in the
pancreas that produce insulin are
gradually destroyed
Type II: Insulin attaches to the
receptors of cells, but glucose does
not get inside a condition known as
insulin resistance
Over 108 million people in the world
suffer from Diabetes.
Source: https://www.lalpathlabs.com/blog/diabetes/
Source: http://www.nxp.com/files/microcontrollers/doc/user_guide/MDAPPUSGDRM118.pdf?tid=AMdlDR
What is Glucometer?
A glucometer is a device for determining the
approximate concentration of glucose in the
blood. It is a key element of home-based blood
glucose monitoring for people with diabetes
mellitus (Type 1 and 2).
Principle behind: Conductivity of blood is
affected by the quantity of glucose present.
Blood Glucose
Analysis
From the
current
Sample (blood) is placed on the test strip mounted onto the glucometer
From the
amplifiers
Blood Glucose
Analysis
From the
current
From the
amplifiers
Blood Glucose
Analysis
From the
current
From the
amplifiers
The electrons flow through the working electrode and into the blood glucose meter.
Current is measured through the internal op amp and the transimpedance amplifier (current to
voltage conversion).
Blood Glucose
Analysis
From the
current
From the
amplifiers
Oxygen Saturation
OXYGEN SATURATION
Defined as the ratio of oxygenated hemoglobin to the total hemoglobin in the
blood.
95% to 100% saturation is the normal value in humans, while levels below 90%
are considered to be hypoxemic, or abnormally low blood oxygen.
Prolonged low blood oxygen may lead to respiratory or cardiac arrest, making it
necessary to monitor the oxygen saturation of patients in critical condition.
Pulse Oximeter
-
How it works:
Auscultation
Auscultation
Auscultation of Heart
Landmarks
Digital Stethoscope
- Ultrasonic Probe
Electrical Protection
Signal Conditioning
LCD Display
References
How Stuff Works: Brain Computer Interface http://computer.howstuffworks.com/brain-computerinterface.htm
Dry EEG Electrodes by M. A. Lopez-Gordo, D. Sanchez-Morillo and F. Pelayo Valle (2014)