Instrument Transformers
Instrument Transformers
Instrument Transformers
Transformers
By: Er. Mirza Abdul
Introduction
These are special type of transformers
used for the measurement of
voltage, current, power and energy.
As the name suggests, these
transformers are used in conjunction
with the relevant instruments such
as ammeters, voltmeters, watt
meters and energy meters.
Current
Transformer
(CT)
Current Transformer ( CT )
A
current transformer is an
instrument transformer which is
used
to
measure
alternating
current of large magnitude by
stepping down by transformer
action. The primary winding of CT
is connected in series with the line
in which current is to be measured
and the secondary is connected to
the ammeter.
Current Transformer ( CT )
Current Transformer ( CT )
The
Instrument Transformer as
CT
Advantages of Instrument
Transformer
1.
2.
Advantages of Instrument
Transformer
The power loss in instrument
transformers is very small as
compared to power loss due to the
resistance of shunts and multipliers.
4. By
using
current
transformer
principle in tong tester / clamp
meter, the current in a heavy
current circuit can be measured.
3.
Disadvantages of Current
Transformer
The only main draw back is that
these instruments can not be used
in DC circuits.
4. Secondary of the CT must never be
3.
WHY????
Current Transformers
In order to minimize the exciting
ampere turns required, the core must
have a low reluctance and small iron
losses.
The following three types of core
constructions are generally employed
:
1.Core type
2.Shell type
3.Ring type
Ring type
Ring
Application of Current
The
following are the applications ;
Transformer
1.Current
Potential
Transformer
(PT)
Construction Potential
Transformer
Basically a Potential transformer (PT) is a
two winding transformer. The primary is
connected with high voltage and has
more number of turns and the secondary
which has less number of turns, steps
down the voltage between 110 V to 120
V. The core of the transformer is a shell
type.
The
low
voltage
winding
(secondary) is wound first around the
core of the transformer to reduce the
size of PT.
Construction Potential
Transformer
The insulation is placed in between
the L.V. winding and H.V. winding and
finally high voltage winding is placed
around the core. The P.T.s which are
used up to 6.6. KV are of DRY type
and the other of higher ratings are
generally oil immersed type.
Construction Potential
Transformer
The few important points are
kept in
mind :
The output of PTs is very small and
the size of PT is comparatively large,
so there is no problem of temperature.
The size of the core of the PT is larger
as compared to power transformers.
The material of core should be of high
permeability to reduce the iron losses
Construction Potential
Transformer
The primary and secondary windings
are
co-axial to reduce the leakage
reactance.
There is no danger, if the secondary
side of PT is left open circuited (max
Voltage is around 110 V)
Usually, cotton tape and varnish are
used for insulation. Hard fiber
Separators are also used in between
the coils.
Use of Instrument
Transformer
Measurement of voltage by PT
The primary winding is connected to
the voltage side to be measured and
secondary to the voltmeter.
The function of PT is to step
down the voltage to the level of
voltmeter.
Instrument Transformer as
PT
Phasor Diagram
Taking flux m as the reference vector,
the induced e.m.f. in the primary and
secondary sides are E1 and E2 lagging
behind the flux by 90o are drawn. The
magnitudes of e.m.f. are proportional
to their respective number of turns.
The no load current Io drawn by the
primary
has
two
components,
magnetising component Im and the
working component Iw .
Phasor Diagram
The secondary current I2 lags behind
the voltage by an angle of .
The angle is the angle produced by
burden connected on the secondary
side.
The secondary current I2 is now
transferred to the primary by
reversing I2 and multiplied by K
where K is the turn ratio.
Phasor Diagram
Phase Diagram of PT
In the phase diagram, E2 is the
induced e.m.f. in the secondary and
V2 is the secondary terminal voltage.
V2 = E2 I2 R2 cos 2 - I2 X2 sin 2
The primary induced e.m.f. , E1 is in
phase opposite to the secondary
induced e.m.f. E2.
Phase Diagram of PT
Solution :
No. of turns on the primary , N1 = 1
No. of turns on secondary, N2 = 2000
Impedance on secondary circuit,Z2 = 1
ohm
now turn ratio , K = 200/1 = 200
voltage induced in secondary, E2 = I2 .Z2
=5V
also , I1 = K. I2
the working component of no load
current is neglected, Iw = 0
now , magnetizing component of no load
current = m.m.f./ primary turns
)1/2
= ( (80 )2 + (1000 )
= 1003.2 A
Actual transformation ratio, Kc =
1003.2/5 = 200.64
Phase angle, = tan-1 Im / I1 = 80/1000 =
1/12.5
solution :
power to be measured , P = 5500 KW
= 5500 X 103
W
Voltage on the primary, V1 = 11 KV
= 11000 V
Primary current, I1 = P/ V1
= 5500 X 103 / 11000
= 500 A
secondary voltage, V = 110 V
Thank you