Chapter 3-How To Get An Experimental Idea
Chapter 3-How To Get An Experimental Idea
Chapter 3-How To Get An Experimental Idea
Experimental Idea
cognitive
development theory
Public observation
Observing yourself
Please read in page 46 to 51.
Observing your friends
Observing pets
Vicarious observation
Aggression
a
a
in
of
Science is
knowledge
an
organized
body
of
Induction
Theory
Deduction
Predicted observation
Induction
Theory
Deduction
Predicted observation
Experimentation
Types of Theories
There were 3 form of theories:
Descriptive Theories
A descriptive theory simply attaches names to events
without necessarily explaining why or how the events
have occurred.
Example: Sigmund Freud in his Psychoanalytic theory
said that repression occurs when we are unconsciously
refuse to admit painful ideas to conscious thought.
This theory only can describe but can not be tested or
experimented. In what conditions repression occurs?
How to test unconscious thought?
Types of Theories
Analogical Theories
Analogical theories explain how relationships
work by drawing an analogy between a
psychological relationship and a physical
model so that the physical analog becomes a
psychological model of behavior.
Example: Attempting to explain how human
processes information in their brain by making
analogy to computer processing.
After exposure to aggression, the aggressive tendencies will be high but decrease over time in the same way
that friction overcomes momentum.
Types of Theories
Quantitative Theories
Quantitative theories do attempt to state
relationships in mathematical terms.
Few of psychological theories have reached this
form because psychologists have more difficulty
with variability than do physical scientists.
Psychologists can make prediction of probability
of certain behaviors to occur but not to state
definite based on mathematical calculations.
Please read types of theories in page 58 to 61.
Developing Hypotheses
In
induction
and
deduction
processes,
researchers need to make a prediction what kind
of behaviors that will occur in certain situations.
This prediction is what we call hypothesis.
Hypothesis is a statement about a predicted
relationship between 2 or more variables.
A hypothesis is a specific statement of
prediction. It describes in concrete terms what
you expect will happen in your study.
Developing Hypotheses
Important features of hypothesis
There are 3 forms of developing
hypothesis:
a. Null Alternate forms
b. Experimental Non-experimental
forms
c. Directional Non-directional forms
Developing Hypotheses
Null Alternative Forms
It is generally stated in two forms, alternative
hypothesis (H1) and null hypothesis (H0).
Example:
H0 = There is no effect in eating vitamin
towards antibody systems.
H1 = There is an effect in eating vitamins
towards antibody systems.
Developing Hypotheses
Experimental Non-experimental Forms
In scientific study or experiment, the hypothesis is stated
more formally, also known as Experimental Hypothesis
and must be stated in General Implication Form
(If then).
Example:
Non-Experimental Hypothesis
Eating vitamin C would affect on antibody systems.
Experimental Hypothesis
If vitamin C is taken everyday, then it affect on antibody
systems.
Developing Hypotheses
Directional Non-directional Forms
Whether you are giving direction in your
prediction by stating the direction of
relationships of 2 variables.
Directional hypothesis has the same criteria in
experimental form of hypothesis. You are
predicting by stating the direction of your
expected outcome / result.
If vitamin C is taken everyday, then it have
positive effect on antibody systems.
Operational Definitions
A common complaint:
Psychological variables cannot be measured,
for example honesty. However, if it can be
numerically counted, it can be measured.
Operational Definitions
Operational definition is a definition of the
variable in terms of how, specifically, it is to
be measured.
Example: Honesty?
An operational definition would specify how
researcher come up with a the score.
For example, respondents score based on
Honesty Scale.