Basic Biomechanic
Basic Biomechanic
Basic Biomechanic
Biomechanic
Ahmad Fauzi
Divisi Orthopaedi & Traumatologi
Ilmu Bedah FK UNILA
Biomechanic of Trauma
Biomechanic of The Hip
Biomechanic of The Knee
Biomechanic of The Ankle
BIOMECHANIC OF TRAUMA
(Fracture)
BIOMECHANICS
The study of forces acting on & generated within
the body
The study of forces & their effects on living
biologic systems
Interdisciplinary approach (anatomy, physiology,
mechanics, medicine, engineering, psychology)
Newtons Laws
2nd Law : If the resultant force acting is not equal
to zero the body will have an acceleration that
is directly proportional to the magnitude of the
force & inversely proportional to the mass
Basic Biomechanics
Force, Displacement & Stiffness
Applied
Force
Slope = Stiffness =
Force/Displacement
Displacement
Basic Biomechanics
Force
Elastic Deformation
Plastic Deformation
Energy
Elastic
Plastic
Energy
Absorbed
Displacement
Bone Biomechanics
Normal cortical (bone lamellar bone) highly
organized and relatively hypocellular
Cortical bone 80% of the skeleton,
Composed tightly packed Haversian system,
Characterized : slow bone turnover rate
Bone Biomechanics
Properties of the bone that important in resisting
a fracture :
Energy absorbing capacity,
Youngs modulus of elasticity (E)
represents the material stiffness & ability to
resist deformation when a force is applied
(N=M2) or Pascals (Pa).
Fatigue strength, and
Density
Fracture Biomechanics
Factors for production of fractures
Magnitude,
Duration,
Direction of the forces acting on the bone, and
The rate at which the bone is loaded
Principal stress planes
Bending
Axial loading : tension, compression
Torsion
Fracture Biomechanics
Characteristics of the force causing fractures
single force of significant magnitude, or
repetitive low magnitude forces
Classified by Mechanism of Injury
Direct, and
indirect forces
Fracture Biomechanics
Bending
Axial Loading
Tension
Compression
Torsion
Bending
Compression
Torsion
Fracture Biomechanics
Figure from: Browner et al: Skeletal Trauma 2nd Ed, Saunders, 1998.
Fracture Biomechanics
Bending load:
Compression strength >
tensile strength
Fails in tension
Fracture Biomechanics
Combined bending & axial load
Oblique fracture
Butterfly fragment
Fracture Biomechanics
Torsion
The diagonal in the direction of the applied force
is in tension cracks perpendicular to this
tension diagonal
Spiral fracture 45 to the long axis
Fractures
A direct force
The bone breaks at the point of impact
Soft tissues also must be damaged
a direct blow usually causes a transverse
fracture and damage to the overlying skin
Crushing comminuted fracture with
extensive soft-tissue damage
A direct force
A direct force
A direct force
A direct force
An indirect force
Bending
Tensile
Compression
Twisting
An indirect force
Spine
Summary
Biomechanics : The study of forces acting on &
generated within the body
Basis of biomechanical principle : Newtons
Laws
Combination of the bones material strength &
excessive anisometric properties cause fracture
Mechanism of injury and loading imply Pattern
of fracture
Most Fractures are caused sudden and
excessive force, either direct or indirect force
Anatomical considerations
The Acetabulum
The Femoral Head
The Femoral Neck
Kinematics
Range of Motion
Surface joint Motion
Kinetics
Statics
Dynamics
Effect of External Support on Hip Joint Reaction Force
Anatomy
Composed of :
Head of femur
Acetabulum of pelvis
18 16 7 9
Anatomy
Surrounding large, strong muscles
Acetabulum
Concave component of ball
and socket joint
Cover with articular
cartilage
Provide with static stability
Neck-to-shaft angle :
125, vary from 90 to 135
Effect : lever arms
Angle of anteversion : 12
Effect : during gait
>12 : internal rotation
<12 : external rotation
Frankel, 1960
Kinematics
Hip motion takes place in all three planes :
sagittal (flexion-extension)
frontal (abduction-adduction)
transverse (internal-external rotation)
Muscle, ligament and configuration
asymmetric
Kinematics
Range of motion : sagittal, frontal, transverse
0~140
0~15
0~30
0~25
0~90
0~70
Kinematics
Old man : shorter
strides
Decrease:
Rang of hip flexion,
extension
Plantar flexion of ankle
Heel-floor angle
Old man
Young man
Several factors :
a wider female pelvis
a difference in the inclination of the femoral
neck-to-shaft angle
a difference in footwear
and differences in the general pattern of gait
Tibiofemoral joint
3 plane: sagital, frontal, transversal
Contact point
Tangensial = gliding
Meniscus
Arch Support
Beam and Truss
No Muscle Activity with
Relaxed Standing
Plantar Fascia
Normal Gait
Bipedal Mode of Locomotion
Goals
Mobility
Minimal Energy Expenditure
Minimal Stress on
Bones
Joints
Muscles
Normal Gait
Normal Gait
Toe Off
SWING PHASE
Heel Rise
Flatfoot
STANCE PHASE
Heel Strike