Cargo Supervision - Loading

CARGO SUPERVISIONLOADING
It is not the load that breaks you down, It

is the way you carry it
-Lou Holtz
Presented by T.S. Shrinivaasan, Mar-Tech Insurance Surveyors &
Loss Assessors Pvt. Ltd.,
CARGO SUPERVISION- MAJOR AREAS
Hold Inspection.
Provisional Stowage Plan
Draft Survey
Sampling
Monitoring during loading
Final Stowage Plan
Sealing of Holds
IMPORTANCE OF HOLD & HATCH

COVER INSPECTION
From these two slides , wet damages
are more and that too due to leaky
hatch covers.
Hence care should be taken while
inspecting holds and hatch covers.
In the following slides, we will see
method of hatch cover inspection.
WET DAMAGE
WATER INGRESS INTO

HOLDS
Loss of weather-tight integrity continues to
be a constant factor leading to cargo
damage which could result in a threat to
the safety of the crew, the ship and its
cargoes, despite advances in modern
shipbuilding technology, construction,
navigation and means of preventing
ingress of water into hold spaces.
International Association of
Classification Societies (IACS-1989)
WEATHER-TIGHT COVERS
Regulation 3.12 of the International
Load Line Convention 1966 which
states:
Weather-tight. Weather-tight means
that in any sea conditions water will
not penetrate into the ship.
Regulation 16 of the convention
concerns hatches closed by
weather-tight covers.
HATCH COVER TESTING

CHALK TEST
LIGHT TEST
HOSE TEST
AND MOST RECENTLY
ULTRASONIC TEST.
CHALK TEST
This is the oldest or most traditional method for
testing hold cover compression, but it cannot
test the water tight integrity of the hold.
A layer of chalk powder is applied all over the
steel back of the hatch and then the hatch
cover is closed and tightened to its normal
values.
The impression of chalk on the rubber packing
is then studied to check lack of compression
point shown by gap in the chalk marks.
LIGHT TEST
The simplest means of establishing if a defect exists
and its location is by means of the light test.
The hatches are battened down fully and properly
for seagoing, the surveyor/observer entering the
hold and
viewing the underside of the covers from below. In
strong sunlight defects will/should readily be visible
with daylight shining through any gaps in the
packaging.
If the test is being undertaken during poor light
conditions strong torchlight properly directed from
above will serve the same purpose.
HOSE TEST
The most commonly used of the traditional tests is the
hose or water test whereby a strong jet of pressurised
water is directed at the seams and joints of the hatch
covers.
Hatch covers are battened down fully in the proper
manner and with the surveyor stationed in the hold a
survey assistant must be stationed on deck/top of the
hatch covers to ensure that the water, usually supplied
from the vessels fire main is directed at a constant and
sufficient pressure in the proper direction.
Ideally the hose must be held at a distance no more
than one metre from the joint under test with a
pressure, not less than 200Kn/m2.
HOSE TEST
DEMERITS IN HOSE TEST

Time-consuming method.
Ensuring adequate water pressure.
Excessive water draining from decks when
vessel may be alongside wharf, pier or jetty.
Test cannot be safely carried out when vessel is
laden for fear of wet damage to the cargo.
Two surveyors are required to undertake the test.
Test cannot be carried out if weather
conditions/air temperatures are at or below 0
Deg C.
ULTRASONIC TEST
The test involves placing an electronic signal generator within the

cargo hold (laden or not) and using the receiving sensor to first
take a reading at the access or booby hatch with the main hatch
cover closed. This provides the OHV (open hatch value).
The sensor is then passed around the outside of all compression
joints noting the reading on the receiving equipment. It is
preferable to listen to the signal using headphones to determine
the maximum reading at any single point. The readings obtained
are then compared with the OHV.
For the purpose of evaluation of results, the following guidelines
are usually adopted:
Readings of 50% of the OHV or more indicate significant loss of
compression and an immediate lack of watertight integrity.
Readings of more than 10% indicate potential leakage.
Readings of less than 10% indicate weather tightness under
normal conditions.
U/S TESTING
HOLD CLEANLINESS
Suitability of hold compartments for
intended cargo to be loaded.
For edible cargoes care should be taken.
Holds should be free of loose rust or scales
and free of infestation.
Should be hospital clean
Previous cargoes carried and claim
experience
Bilges should be dry and clean. Their suction
test verified
HOLD CLEANING
HOLD STRUCTURALSLADDERS
RESIDUES OF LAST CARGO
LOOSE RUST/PAINT SCALES
LOOSE RUST SCALES
HEAVY PITTING AND RESIDEUE OF

LAST CARGO
CLEAN HOLD
CLEAN HOLD
BILGE WELL CLEANLINESS
BILGE SUCTION TO BE
VERIFIED
BILGEWELL
PROVISIONAL STOWAGE
PLAN
It gives hatch wise break up of cargo to be
loaded.
Thomas Hand Book of Stowage gives
Stowage Factors of various cargoes.
Stowage Factor indicates how many Cub.
Meters space requires to load one M.T of
cargo( even Cu.ft per Long Ton)
Based on volumes of holds, we can
estimate how much cargo can be loaded
using SF.
DRAFT SURVEY
Draft survey is a method to
determine quantity of bulk cargo
loaded on board, by reading vessels
drafts, calculating displacement
using Hydrostatic Data of vessel,
calculating known weights on board
like Fuel, Lubes, Water and Ballast.
If need be , interim survey to be
conducted.
SAMPLING
Depending of clients requirement,
sampling to be conducted.
Draft survey quantity indicates only
Wet Metric Tonnes.
So based on the continuous sampling
and analysis gives moisture level in
the cargo.
LOADING MONITORING
Any incidents of rain and hatch covers
opened or closed etc to be recorded.
Any damage due to cargo to be isolated
Any foreign matter or dust /dirt in the cargo
to be rejected and removed from holds.
Normally when loading maize, they bleed
the gunny bags and by mistake leave empty
bags in ships holds. Will be problematic at
disport, if they discharge through chute or
evacuators, as bags tend to choke line.
FINAL STOWAGE PLAN

Chief officer prepares based on the
Final Draft survey quantity and
taking into account loading
sequence, giving hatch wise breakup of cargo loaded.
SEALING OF HATCHES
After completion of loading, holds to
be sealed with seals.
This will help ship owner to prove to
cargo interests that whatever cargo
loaded arrived at disport, if seals are
intact and untampered with at
disport.
CONCLUSION
I have covered only major areas of concern.
Survey plan and exercise varies from cargo
to cargo.
A prudent surveyor should keep his eyes
and ears always open.
Bulk cargo supervision like an ocean is
quite vast and I have shared my little
knowledge with you.
Hope this is useful.

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What are the major areas of cargo supervision during loading?

What tests are commonly used to check for leaks in hatch covers?

CARGO SUPERVISIONLOADING

It is not the load that breaks you down, It

CARGO SUPERVISION- MAJOR AREAS

IMPORTANCE OF HOLD & HATCH

WATER INGRESS INTO

HATCH COVER TESTING

DEMERITS IN HOSE TEST

The test involves placing an electronic signal generator within the

RESIDUES OF LAST CARGO

LOOSE RUST/PAINT SCALES

LOOSE RUST SCALES

HEAVY PITTING AND RESIDEUE OF

BILGE WELL CLEANLINESS

FINAL STOWAGE PLAN

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