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SYSTEM
DEVELOPMENT
The System Development Cycle

The system development orsoftware
development process, orSoftware Development
Life Cycleinsystems engineering,information
systemsandsoftware engineering, is a process of
creating or altering information systems, and the
models andmethodologies that people use to
develop these systems.
A Systems Development Life Cycle (SDLC) adheres to important phases that are essential for developers, such as:
Planning
analysis
Design
And implementation
Stages can be characterized and divided up in

different ways, including the following:
Preliminary Analysis
Systems analysis, requirements definition
Systems design
Development
Integration and testing
Acceptance, installation, deployment
Maintenance
System analysis
The goal ofsystem analysisis to determine where the problem
is in an attempt to fix the system. This step
involvesbreaking downthe system in different pieces to
analyze the situation, analyzing project goals, breaking
down what needs to be created and attempting to engage
users so that definite requirements can be defined.
Design
Insystems designthe design functions and operations are
described in detail, including screen layouts, business rules,
process diagrams and other documentation. The output of
this stage will describe the new system as a collection of
modules or subsystems.
The design stage takes as its initial input the requirements
identified in the approved requirements document. For each
requirement, a set of one or more design elements will be
produced as a result of interviews, workshops, and/or
prototype efforts.
Testing
The code is tested at various levels insoftware testing. Unit,
system and user acceptance testing are often performed.
This is a grey area as many different
Baselines in the
SDLC
functional baseline
Allocated baseline
product baseline
updated product baseline
Complementary to SDLC
Software prototyping
Joint applications development(JAD)
Rapid application development(RAD)
Extreme programming(XP); extension of earlier work in
Prototyping and RAD.

Open-sourcedevelopment
End-user development
Object-oriented programming
Strengths and
weaknesses
Strength and Weaknesses of SDLC

Strengths
Weaknesses
Control.
Increased development time.
Monitor large projects.
Increased development cost.
Detailed steps.
Systems must be defined up front.
Evaluate costs and completion targets.
Rigidity.
Documentation.
Hard to estimate costs, project overruns.
Well defined user input.
User input is sometimes limited.
Ease of maintenance.
Development and design standards.
Tolerates changes in MIS staffing.
Prototyping
The process of prototyping involves the

following steps
Identify basicrequirements
Determine basic requirements including the input and
output information desired. Details, such as security, can

typically be ignored.
Develop Initial Prototype
The initial prototype is developed that includes only user
interfaces.
Review
The customers, including end-users, examine the
prototype and provide feedback on additions or changes.
Revise and Enhance the Prototype
The various dimensions of

prototypes;
Horizontal Prototype
Vertical Prototype
Throwaway prototyping
Advantages of prototyping
Reduced time and costs

Improved and increased user involvement
Disadvantages of prototyping
Insufficient analysis
User confusion of prototype and finished system
Developer misunderstanding of user objectives
Developer attachment to prototype
Excessive development time of the prototype
Expense of implementing prototyping
Dynamic Systems
Development
Method(DSDM)
The four categories of prototypes as

recommended by DSDM are:
Business prototypes
Usability prototypes
Performance and capacity prototypes
Capability/technique prototypes
Computer-aided software
engineering (CASE)
Is the scientific application of a set of tools

and methods to a software system with the
desired end result of high-quality, defectfree, and maintainable software products.
Supporting software
Alfonso Fuggetta classified CASE into 3 categories:
Tools
Workbenches
Environments
Project Management
Objective
The objectives of the systems development and project management
audit/ assurance review are to:
Provide management with an independent assessment of the progress,

quality and attainment of project/program objectives at defined
milestones within the project/program
Provide management with an evaluation of the internal controls of
proposed business processes at a point in the development cycle where

enhancements can be easily implemented and processes adapted
Satisfy process audit/assurance objectives in reviewing the process
before it goes live, place future reliance on the process based upon the
assurance work performed while the application is under development,
and implement integrated computer-assisted audit techniques (CAATs)
as part of the design of the application
Corporative project management system

development
The main goal of project management system
development is the realization of projects

according to the companies strategy
Project management
information system
implementation
The task of the information project management
system is the automation of project management

process in the company. In the course of
information system implementation project we
fulfill the settings of the specialized software in
accordance with the requirements of the company
and the project management methodology
developed.
Project management corporate

trainings
The competence and the quality of the
personnel are the key factors of success in

project management.

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SYSTEM

The System Development Cycle

Stages can be characterized and divided up in

Prototyping and RAD.

Strength and Weaknesses of SDLC

Increased development time.

Monitor large projects.

Increased development cost.

Systems must be defined up front.

Evaluate costs and completion targets.

Hard to estimate costs, project overruns.

Well defined user input.

User input is sometimes limited.

The process of prototyping involves the

output information desired. Details, such as security, can

The various dimensions of

Reduced time and costs

The four categories of prototypes as

Is the scientific application of a set of tools

Provide management with an independent assessment of the progress,

proposed business processes at a point in the development cycle where

Corporative project management system

The main goal of project management system

development is the realization of projects

The task of the information project management

system is the automation of project management

Project management corporate

The competence and the quality of the

personnel are the key factors of success in

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