3.1 Periodic Table
3.1 Periodic Table
3.1 Periodic Table
PERIODIC TABLE
LEARNING OUTCOMES
4 main BLOCK
GROUPS
- The groups in the periodic table are numbered from 1 to 18.
- Elements in the same group have the same number
of valence electrons.
Example:
Elements
Electronic
configuration
Valence electron
Group
Li (Lithium)
Al (Aluminium)
V (Vanadium)
1s2 2s1
Group 1
Group 13
Group 5
Dmitri Mendeleev Russian Chemist worked out the 1st Periodic Table
PERIODS
- The periods in the periodic table are numbered 1 to 7.
- Period number = Principle quantum number, n,
of the electrons in valence shell.
Example:
Elements
Electronic
configuration
Higher Principal
Quantum Number
Period
Li (Lithium)
Al (Aluminium)
V (Vanadium)
1s2 2s1
Period 2
Period 3
Period 4
BLOCKS
s-block
- Group 1 and 2
- Configuration of valence electron: ns1 to ns2
p-block
- Group 13 to 18
- Configuration of valence electron: ns2 np1 to ns2 np6
d-block
- Group 3 to 12 (also known as a transition elements)
- Configuration of valence electron: (n-1)d1 ns2 to (n-1)d10 ns2
f-block
- Involve elements in the series of lanthanides (Ce to Lu) and
actinides (Th to Lr).
- Configuration of valence electron: (n-1)d1 ns2 to (n-2)f14(n-1)d1 or 2
ns2
Example:
Elements
Li (Lithium)
Al (Aluminium)
V (Vanadium)
Electronic
configuration
1s2 2s1
Block
s-block
p-block
d-block
Example:
Potassium, K (Proton number, Z = 19)
Electronic configuration : 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s1
Number of valence electron = 1 (look at 4s1)
Therefore, number of outer electron = 1
KEEP IN MIND !
Co (Cobalt)
Tc (Technetium)
1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 3d10 4s2 4p6 4d6 5s1
Outermost electrons
2 electrons
1 electron
1 electron
Valence electrons
9 electrons
7 electrons
11 electrons
25 electrons
42 electrons
78 electrons
Electronic configuration
Inner electrons
(electrons in inner shell)
Au (Gold)
6
1s2102s2 2p
3s2 3p6 3d10 4s2 4p6
4d 5s2 5p6 4f14 5d10 6s1
SUMMARY
Blocks
s
Number of
valence
electrons
1-2 electron
3-8 electrons
3-12 electrons
3-17 electrons
Orbitals of
valence
electrons
s-orbitals
s and p-orbitals
s and d-orbitals
f-orbitals
Configuration
of valence
electrons
ns1 to ns2
ns2 np1
to
ns2 np6
(n-1)d1 ns2
to
(n-1)d10 ns2
(n-1)d1 ns2
to
1 or 2
(n-2)f14(n-1)d
2
ns
Group 1 & 2
Group 13 18
Group 3 12
Lanthanides &
Actinides
Group
Example
11
13
14
20
The filling of
valences electron
happens in the
Exercise 1:
The electronic configuration of magnesium is shown below:
Mg : 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2
Determine its position in the periodic table.
ANSWER
Exercise 2:
Identify the positions of the elements P, Q, R, S and T in the
periodic table and classify these elements.
P :
Q :
R :
S :
T :
ANSWER