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    Quantum Physics

    Uploaded by

    Tiras Ngugi
    This document discusses key concepts in quantum physics including: - Photons have discrete energies defined by Planck's constant and frequency or wavelength. - The photoelectric effect provided evidence that electromagnetic radiation behaves as discrete particle-like photons through observations that could not be explained by classical wave theory. - Matter can exhibit both wave-like and particle-like properties, leading to the concept of wave-particle duality. - Atoms have discrete, quantized energy levels which gives rise to line spectra as electrons transition between levels, emitting or absorbing photons of specific frequencies.

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    Quantum Physics

    Uploaded by

    Tiras Ngugi
    50 views14 pages
    This document discusses key concepts in quantum physics including: - Photons have discrete energies defined by Planck's constant and frequency or wavelength. - The photoelectric effect provided evidence that electromagnetic radiation behaves as discrete particle-like photons through observations that could not be explained by classical wave theory. - Matter can exhibit both wave-like and particle-like properties, leading to the concept of wave-particle duality. - Atoms have discrete, quantized energy levels which gives rise to line spectra as electrons transition between levels, emitting or absorbing photons of specific frequencies.

    Original Description:

    Physics notes on photoelectric effect.

    Original Title

    Photoelectric

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    This document discusses key concepts in quantum physics including: - Photons have discrete energies defined by Planck's constant and frequency or wavelength. - The photoelectric effect provided evidence that electromagnetic radiation behaves as discrete particle-like photons through observations that could not be explained by classical wave theory. - Matter can exhibit both wave-like and particle-like properties, leading to the concept of wave-particle duality. - Atoms have discrete, quantized energy levels which gives rise to line spectra as electrons transition between levels, emitting or absorbing photons of specific frequencies.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pptx, pdf, or txt
    50 views14 pages

    Quantum Physics

    Uploaded by

    Tiras Ngugi
    This document discusses key concepts in quantum physics including: - Photons have discrete energies defined by Planck's constant and frequency or wavelength. - The photoelectric effect provided evidence that electromagnetic radiation behaves as discrete particle-like photons through observations that could not be explained by classical wave theory. - Matter can exhibit both wave-like and particle-like properties, leading to the concept of wave-particle duality. - Atoms have discrete, quantized energy levels which gives rise to line spectra as electrons transition between levels, emitting or absorbing photons of specific frequencies.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pptx, pdf, or txt
    of 14

    QUANTUM PHYSICS

    Quantum Physics
    Aphotonis

    a discretepacket {or quantum} of


    energyof anelectromagnetic radiation/wave.
    Energy of a photon,E = h f = hc /
    where h: Planck's constant
    violet 4 x 10-7m, red 7 x 10-7m

    Powerof

    electromagnetic radiation,

    P = Rate of incidence of photon x Energy of a photon


    = (N/t)(hc/)

    Photoelectric

    effectrefers to theemission of
    electronsfrom a coldmetal
    surfacewhenelectromagnetic
    radiationofsufficiently high frequencyfalls on it.

    4 Major Observations:
    No

    electrons are emitted if the frequency of the light is below a


    minimum frequency {called thethreshold frequency},
    regardless of the intensity of light
    Rate of electron emission {ie photoelectric current} is proportional
    to the light intensity.
    {Emitted electrons have a range of kinetic energy,ranging from
    zero to a certain maximum value. Increasing the freq increases
    the kinetic energies of the emitted electrons and in particular,
    increases the maximum kinetic energy.}Thismaximumkinetic
    energy depends only on the frequency and the metal used
    {}; the intensity has no effect on the kinetic energy of
    the electrons.
    Emission of electrons beginsinstantaneously{i.e. no time lag
    between emission & illumination} even if the intensity is very low.
    NB: (1), (3) & (4) cannot be explained by Wave Theory of Light;
    instead they provide evidence for the particulate/particle nature of
    electromagnetic radiation.

    Explanation for how photoelectric effect


    provides evidence for the particulate
    nature of em radiation:
    {Consider

    the observations (1), (3) &


    (4).Useany 2observations above to
    describe how they provide evidence that em
    radiation has a particle nature.}
    According to the Particle Theory of Light, em
    radiation consists of a stream of
    particles/photons/discrete energy packets,each of
    energy hf. Also,no more than one electron can
    absorb the energy of one photon.
    Thus if the energy of a photon hf < the minimum
    energy required for emission (), no emission can
    take place no matter how intense the light may be.
    {Explains observation (1)}

    This

    also explains why,{even at very low


    intensities}, as long as hf > , emission
    takes place without a time delay between
    illumination of the metal & ejection of
    electrons{Explains observation (4)}.
    Threshold frequencyis
    theminimumfrequency of the em radiation
    required to eject an electron from a metal
    surface. {This is because the electrons are
    held back by the attractive forces of the
    positive nuclei in the metal.}
    Work functionof a metal is
    theminimumenergy required
    to eject an
    f0 = threshold
    frequency
    electron from a metal surface
    = h f0 = hc/0

    0 = threshold
    wavelength
    Maximum

    FromeVs=

    If

    hf

    onlyintensitydoubles, thesaturation
    currentdoubles (Vs: no change)
    If onlyfrequencyincreases,magnitude of
    Vsalso increases, thus no change to
    saturation current.

    Why

    rate of emission of electrons << rate


    of incidence of photons {for f>f0}:
    Not every photon would collide with an
    electron;most are reflected by the metal or
    miss hitting any electron.
    On the way out to the metal surface, an electron
    may lose its kinetic energy to ions and other
    electrons it encounters along the way. This energy
    loss prevents it from overcoming the work function.

    eV = (1.6 x 10-19C)x (1V) = 1.6 x 10-19J

    = QV}

    1 nanometre (nm) = 1 x 10-9m


    Photoelectric equation:
    Energy of photon = Work function (energy)
    +Max.KE of electrons
    hf = + mev2max

    {Using W

    Wave-Particle Duality Concept


    Refers

    to the idea thatlight and


    matter{such as electrons} have both
    wave & particle properties.
    The wavelength of an object is given by
    = h/p{p: momentum of the particle.}
    Interferenceanddiffractionprovide
    evidence for the wave nature of E.M.
    radiation.
    Photoelectric effect provides evidence for
    theparticulate natureof E.M. radiation.
    These evidences led to the concept of
    thewave-particle duality of light.

    Electron

    diffractionprovides
    evidence thatmatter/ particles
    have also a wave nature & thus,
    have a dual nature.
    de Broglie wavelengthof a
    particle {matter waves}, =
    hp
    Energy

    Levels of Isolated

    Atom:
    Arediscrete{i.e. can only have certain
    energy values.}
    Difference between successive energy

    Explain how existence of electron


    energy levels in atoms gives rise to
    line spectra:

    Energy

    levels are discrete.


    During a downward transition, a
    photon is emitted.
    Freq of photon f = (Ei- Ef) / h
    Since Ei& Efcan only have
    discrete values, the freq are also
    discrete and so a line {rather than
    a continuous} spectrum is
    produced. {No need to mention
    role of spectrometer}

    2 common ways to cause Excitation of an


    atom:

    When

    bombarded by an
    incidentelectronwhereKE of
    incident electron > E
    i.e. ( meu2)before collision= E + (
    mev2)after collision

    Absorbing

    an incidentphotonof
    frequency f wherehf must = E
    exactly

    Emission

    line spectrum:A
    series of discrete/separate bright
    lines on a dark background,
    produced by electron transitions
    within an atom from higher to
    lower energy levels and emitting
    photons.
    An excited atom during a
    downward transition emits a
    photon of frequency f, such that
    Ei- Ef= hf

    Absorption

    line spectrum:A
    continuous bright spectrum
    crossed by dark lines. It is
    produced when white light
    passes through acoolgas.
    Atoms/electrons of the cool gas
    absorb photons of certain
    frequencies and get excited to
    higher energy levels which are
    then quicklyre-emitted in all
    directions.

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