* Exercise 17

Gross Anatomy of the Brain & Cranial Nerves

* The Nervous System

1. Central Nervous System (CNS)
Brain
Spinal cord
2. Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)
All nervous tissue outside the CNS
Cranial nerves
Spinal nerves
Ganglia
Sensory receptors

Functional Organization
of the Nervous System
Central
Central Nervous
Nervous
System
System
Nervous
Nervous System
System
Peripheral
Peripheral Nervous
Nervous
System
System

Sensory
Sensory or
or Afferent
Afferent
Division
Division delivers
delivers
SENSORY
SENSORY
information
information to
to the
the
CNS
CNS
Motor
Motor or
or Efferent
Efferent
Division
Division delivers
delivers
MOTOR
MOTOR commands
commands
to
to effectors
effectors

Somatic
Somatic Nervous
Nervous
System
System
sympathetic
sympathetic
Autonomic
Autonomic Nervous
Nervous
System
System
parasympathetic
parasympathetic

*Divisions of the PNS

I.

Sensory Division
Nerve fibers that conduct impulses toward the CNS

II.

Motor Division

Nerve fibers that conduct impulses away from the CNS

A. Somatic Division voluntary (controls skeletal

muscle)
B. Autonomic Nervous System (ANS)
involuntary (controls smooth & cardiac
muscle, glands, adipose)
1. Sympathetic fight or flight
2. Parasympathetic
resting and digesting
4

*Embryology of the Brain

*Brain forms from three swellings at the

tip of the developing neural tube

*Prosencephalon
*Forms the cerebrum and
diencephalon
*Mesencephalon
*Forms part of the brain stem
*Rhombencephalon
*Forms the cerebellum and part of
the brainstem

Figure 12.2c, d

*Major Regions and Landmarks

*Four major regions in the adult brain
1) Cerebrum
2) Diencephalon
3) Brain Stem

midbrain
pons
medulla oblongata

4) Cerebellum

*The Cerebrum
Has two hemispheres (left and right)
Surface contains
1. Gyri - elevated ridges
2. Sulci - shallow grooves
3. Fissures deep grooves

FISSURES:
1. Longitudinal fissure separates two
cerebral hemispheres
2. Transverse fissure separates cerebellum
from cerebrum

GYRI:
1. Precentral gyrus
Contains the primary motor area which is
responsible for conscious or voluntary
movement
2. Poscentral gyrus
Contains the primary somatosensory
cortex where impulses travelling from
sensory receptors are localized

SULCI:
1. Parieto-occipital sulcus separates
parietal from occipital lobe
2. Lateral sulcus separates temporal from
parietal lobe
3. Central sulcus separates frontal and
parietal lobe

*Brain Gyri/Sulci/Fissures

Postcentral gyrus

Precentral gyrus

Central
Central sulcus
sulcus

Parieto-occipital
Parieto-occipital sulcus
sulcus

Parietal lobe
Frontal lobe
Occipital lobe

*Brain

Lateral
Lateral sulcus
sulcus

re
u
s
s
fi

Gyri/Sulci/Fissures
Temporal lobe

Tra

ers
v
s
n

cerebellum
12

*Brain Lobes

Figure 12.6ab

*The cerebral lobes

1. Frontal Lobe
*Precentral gyrus

*Primary motor cortex conscious or voluntary

movements of skeletal muscles.

*Premotor cortex memory bank for skilled

motor activities or activities of a patterned

and repetitious nature.
*Brocas area - Motor area on left hemisphere
that controls the muscles involved in speech.
*Prefrontal cortex responsible for
personality, complex reasoning, and intellect.
14

* Functional Areas of the Cerebral Cortex

= primary motor cortex

Figure 12.8a

*The cerebral lobes

2. Parietal Lobe
*Postcentral gyrus
* Primary Somatosensory Cortex receives
impulses from sensory receptors (touch,
pressure, temperature, vibration, and
pain)

* Somatosensory association area where

the meaning of incoming stimuli is
interpreted (awareness).
16

* Functional Areas of the Cerebral Cortex

= primary motor cortex

Figure 12.8a

*The cerebral lobes

3. Temporal
*Primary Auditory Cortex temporal lobe.
*Auditory Association Area interprets the
sound heard by above area
*Wernickes area only on left hemisphere,
between parietal and temporal lobes.
Unfamiliar words are sounded out.
*Uncus - Olfactory area (smell). DEEP

18

* Functional Areas of the Cerebral Cortex

= primary motor cortex

Figure 12.8a

* Functional Areas of the Cerebral Cortex

= primary motor cortex

Figure 12.8b

*The cerebral lobes

4. Occipital
*Primary Visual Cortex perception of
light
*Visual Association Area interprets the
images seen on the area above
5. Insula
*Gustatory cortex (taste)
21

* Functional Areas of the Cerebral Cortex

= primary motor cortex

Figure 12.8a

* Cerebral hemispheres

- internal structures

*The cerebrum & cerebellum contain

extensive areas of

*Gray matter (neural cortex) on the surface

*White matter (tracts) on the interior

23

* Cerebral hemispheres
*Gray matter

Cell bodies of the neurons

Dendrites
Small unmyelinated axons
Neuroglias

- internal structures

Slide # 46
Pyramidal
neuron

*White matter - fiber tracts (collections of

myelinated axons & dendrites) that carry impulses

to/from the neural cortex

*Corpus callosum is a commissural tract (connects

and permits communication between hemispheres)

*Fornix is a tract concerned w/ olfaction & limbic
system
24

*Sagittal Section

25

* Cerebral hemispheres - internal structures

Septum pellucidum membrane that
separates the lateral ventricles
Basal Nuclei

Clusters of neuron cell bodies (gray matter)

embedded in the white matter of the cerebrum
Subconscious regulation of voluntary motor
activities
a. Caudate Nucleus (comma shaped)
b. Lentiform Nucleus putamen (lateral) and
globus pallidus (medial)
26

* Basal Nuclei

Figure 12.11a

* Basal Nuclei

Figure 12.11b

*Diencephalon: external view

1.Olfactory bulbs & tract
2.Optic nerve
3.Optic chiasma
4.Optic tracts
5.Pituitary gland (hypophysis)
6.Mammilary bodies relay for olfaction

29

*Diencephalon: external view

Pituitary
gland
removed
Optic
tract

Mammillary body

* The diencephalon is composed of

1.Thalamus Major integrating & relay station

for sensory impulses traveling to the cerebral

cortex
*Two large lobes of gray matter connected by
the interthalamic adhesion or intermediate
mass of thalamus
2.Epithalamus - Forms the roof of the third
ventricle
*Contains choroid plexus production of CSF
*Contains pineal gland - Regulates sleep-awake
cycle
31

* Diencephalon

Figure 12.12

* The diencephalon is composed of

3.Hypothalamus - Autonomic center for

regulation of body temperature, water

balance, metabolism, drives, etc.
*Secretes hormones
*Pituitary gland hangs from the floor of
the hypothalamus by the infundibulum
*Also secretes hormones
*Mammilary bodies relay station for
olfaction
33

* Diencephalon

Figure 12.12

The Brain Stem

*Midbrain

*Cerebral Aqueduct connects third and forth

ventricles
*Cerebral peduncles nerve fiber bundles
connects pons to cerebrum
*Corpora quadrigemina
*Superior colliculi process/control
reflexive responses to visual stimuli
*Inferior colliculi process/control reflexive
responses to auditory stimuli
35

* The Brain Stem: Midbrain

Figure 12.12

The Brain Stem: Midbrain

37

The Brain Stem

*Pons
Consists of tracts and nuclei
Connects brain to lower CNS
Forms the wall of the forth ventricle
*Medulla Oblongata
Primarily composed of tracts

Decussation of Pyramids crossover for major

motor tracts
Olivary nucleus

Autonomic (involuntary) reflex centers heart

rate, blood pressure, vomiting, swallowing,
respiratory rhythm
38

Cerebellum

* Two hemispheres connected by the

vermis
* Surface is convoluted cortex of gray
matter

Slide #45 Purkinje cells

* Inner tree-like arbor vitae white matter

1.Unconscious coordination of skeletal muscle

activity
2.Balance and coordination
39

The Cerebellum

40

The Brainstem & Cerebellum

41

e
r
e
C

Ridges
Ridges
&
&
Grooves
Grooves

m
u
r
b

gyri - ridges
gyri - ridges
precentral gyrus
precentral gyrus
postcentral gyrus
postcentral gyrus

parieto-occipital sulcus
parieto-occipital sulcus
separates the parietal lobe
separates
parietal
lobe
from thethe
occipital
lobe
from the occipital lobe

sulci - grooves
sulci - grooves

lateral sucus
lateral sucus
separates temporal from
separates
temporal
occipital
lobe from
occipital lobe
central sulcus
central sulcus
separates the frontal and
separates
the frontal
parietal
lobe and
parietal lobe

fissures - deep
fissures
- deep
grooves
grooves

EXTERIOR
EXTERIOR
(gray
(gray
matter
matter
cortex)
cortex)

frontal
frontal
lobe
lobe

longitudinal fissure
longitudinal fissure
separates the 2 cerebral
separates
the 2 cerebral
hemispheres
hemispheres
transverse fissure
transverse fissure
separates cerebrum from
separates
cerebrum from
cerebellum
cerebellum
primary motor
primary
areamotor
precentral
area
voluntary
precentral
syrus
voluntaryof
movement
syrus
movement
of
skeletal
muscles
skeletal muscles
premotor cortex
premotor cortex
memory bank for skilled motor
memory bank
for skilled
motor
activities
or
activities or behavior
patterened/repetitious
patterened/repetitious behavior
Broca's area
Broca's area
Located on the left hemisphere Located
the
leftcontrols
hemisphere
motor on
area
that
the motor
area
that controls
the
muscles involved
in speech
muscles involved in speech
prefrontal cortex
prefrontal cortex
responsible for
responsible
for &
personality,
cognition
personality,
cognition &
intellect
intellect

parietal
parietal
lobe
lobe

1.
1. CEREBRUM
CEREBRUM
R.
R. &
& L.
L.
Hemispheres
Hemispheres

temporal
temporal
lobe
lobe

INTERIOR
INTERIOR

fornix
fornix
connects limbic
connects
limbic
system areas
system areas
septum
septum
pellucidum
pellucidum
separates the 2
separates
the 2
lateral ventricles
lateral ventricles
basal nuclei
basal nuclei
regulation of
regulation
of
voluntary
motor
voluntary
motor
activities
activities

42

primary somatosensory cortex

primary somatosensory cortex
located on the postcentral gyrus - touch,
located on the
postcentral
touch,
temperature,
vibrations,
paingyrus
from -body
wall
temperature, vibrations, pain from body wall

somatosensory association area

somatosensory association area
interprets stimuli sent from the
interprets
stimuli sent from
the
primary somatosensoryy
cortex
primary somatosensoryy cortex
primary auditory
primary
auditory
cortex
cortex

LOBES
LOBES

corpus callosum
corpus callosum
connects the 2
connects
the 2
hemispheres
hemispheres

postcentral
postcentral
gyrus
gyrus

occipital
occipital
lobe
lobe
insula
insula

auditory association area

auditory association area
interprets the sounds
interprets
theprimary
sounds
heard by the
heard
by the
primary
auditory
complex
auditory complex
Wernicke's area
Wernicke's area
only on left hemisphere only on
left hemisphere
where
unfamiliar
words are
where unfamiliar
words are
sounded out
sounded out
uncus
uncus
olfactory (smell)
olfactory
area(smell)
area
primary visual
primary
visual
cortex
cortex
perception of
perception
light of
light
visual association area
visual association area
interprets the images seen on
interprets
the images
seen on
the primary
visual cortex
the primary visual cortex
gustatory cortex
gustatory cortex

caudate
caudate
nucleus
nucleus
lentiform
lentiform
nucleus
nucleus

putamen
putamen
globus pallidus
globus pallidus

olfactory tract
olfactory tract
external
external

1.
1. CEREBRUM
CEREBRUM
See
previous
See previous slide
slide

olfactory bulb
olfactory bulb
optic nerve
optic nerve
optic chiasma
optic chiasma
pituitary gland
pituitary gland
mammilary bodies
mammilary bodies
relay for olfaction
relay for olfaction

PROSENCEPHALON
PROSENCEPHALON
2.
2.

DIENCEPHALON
DIENCEPHALON

thalamus
thalamus
final relay point for ascending sensory
final relay point
for ascending sensory
information
information
two large lobes of gray matter
two large lobes of gray matter
recognition of sensation as pleasant or
recognition ofunpleasant
sensation as pleasant or
unpleasant

intermediate mass
intermediate mass
(interthalamic adhesion)
(interthalamic adhesion)

mammilary bodies
mammilary bodies
relay station for olfaction
relay station for olfaction
internal
internal

hypothalamus
hypothalamus
autonomic center for
autonomic
for
regulation
of center
body temp.,
regulation
of body etc.
temp.,
water balance,
water balance, etc.
secretes hormones
secretes hormones

pituitary gland
pituitary gland
secretes hormones
secretes hormones

optic chiasma
optic chiasma

choroid plexus
choroid plexus
epithalamus
epithalamus
roof of the 3rd ventricle
roof of the 3rd ventricle

MESENCEPHALON
MESENCEPHALON

cerebral peduncles
cerebral peduncles
connects pons to cerebrum
connects pons to cerebrum

3.
3. MIDBRAIN
MIDBRAIN

superior colliculi
superior colliculi
visual replex center
visual replex center

corpora quadrigemina
corpora quadrigemina
4. PONS
4. PONS
Consists of tracts and nuclei
Consists of tracts and nuclei
Connects brain to lower CNS
Connects brain to lower CNS
Forms wall of 4th ventricle
Forms wall of 4th ventricle
5. CEREBELLUM
5. CEREBELLUM
Unconcious coordination of skeletal muscle activity,
Unconcious
skeletal muscle
activity,
control ofcoordination
balance and of
coordination,
positional
control of balance awareness
and coordination, positional
awareness
vermis connects R. & L. hemispheres
vermis connects R. & L. hemispheres

RHOMBENCEPHALON
RHOMBENCEPHALON

6. MEDULLA OBLONGATA
6. MEDULLA OBLONGATA
composed of fiber tracts
composed of fiber tracts
Contains autonomic reflex centers for heart rate,
Contains
autonomic
reflexswallowing,
centers for respiratory
heart rate,
blood pressure,
vomiting,
blood pressure, vomiting,
swallowing, respiratory
rhythm
rhythm

43

inferior colliculi
inferior colliculi
auditory replex center
auditory replex center
external:
external:
convoluted surfacce
convoluted
surfacce
composed
of gray
matter
composed
of vermis
gray matter
cortex,
cortex, vermis
internal:
internal:
arbor vitae is white matter
arbor vitae is white matter

decussation of pyramids
decussation of pyramids

Olivary nuclei
Olivary nuclei

pineal gland
pineal gland
regulates sleep-awake
regulatescycle
sleep-awake
cycle

*The cranial meninges

The brain & spinal cord are covered by 3
CT membranes called meninges.

1. Dura mater (outermost)

Subdural Space between dura mater and

arachnoid mater

2. Arachnoid mater (middle)

Subarachnoid space between the

arachnoid mater and pia mater. Filled with
CSF (cerebro-spinal fluid)

3. Pia mater (innermost) clings to brain

44

*The cranial meninges

45

*The cranial meninges dura mater

The dura mater folds inward to form
septums that secure the brain to structures
inside the cranial cavity.

a. Falx cerebri - formed by dura mater that dips

into the longitudinal fissure and separates the
2 hemispheres
Creates the Superior Sagittal Sinus (collects
blood from the brain).
b. Falx cerebelli separate the two cerebellar
hemispheres
c. Tentorium Cerebelli separates the
cerebrum from 46the cerebellum

* Dura Mater
Inferior sagittal
sinus

Figure 12.25

*
*

The cranial meninges

Arachnoid mater

Arachnoid villi are projections of the

arachnoid mater that protrude through the
dura. They allow CSF to drain back to the
venous circulation.

Pia mater

*
*

Highly vascular
Covers the entire brain

Meningitis inflammation of the meninges

48

* Meninges

Figure 12.24a

The Relationship between the Brain,

Cranium, & Meninges

50

*Ventricles of the brain

*Central passageway of the brain

enlarges to form ventricles

*Contain cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)

1. Lateral ventricles

*Septum pelucidum membrane separates

lateral ventricles
*Interventricular foramina Opening from
lateral ventricles to 3rd ventricle
51

*Ventricles of the brain

2. Third ventricle
*Cerebral aqueduct opening from 3rd

ventricle to 4th ventricle

3. Forth ventricle
*Medial aperture & Lateral apertures (2)

*CSF back to subarachnoid space

*Central canal

*CSF to spinal cord

52

Ventricles of the Brain

Cerebral
aquaduct

Median
aperature
53

Lateral
aperatures

*Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)

*CSF cushions delicate neural structures
*Supports the brain
*Hydrocephalus accumulation of CSF results
in an enlarged head
*Pathway of CSF:
*Continually formed at the Choroid plexuses
(Capillary knots hanging from the roof of the
ventricles).
*Formed by Ependymal cells (a neuroglia).
54

* Circulation of CSF

Figure 12.26b

The Circulation of CSF

56

*CSF Circulation
Start Here

Lateral
Ventricles
Choroid plexus

Interventricular foramina

Dural
sinuses to
blood

Third
Ventricle

Cerebral aquaduct

Arachnoid villus

Subarachnoid
Space

Fourth
Ventricle
57

Lateral & median apertures

*Cranial Nerves
*12 pairs of cranial nerves
*To help to remember:
On Occassion Our Trusty Truck Acts
Funny Very Good Vehicle Any How

58

*The Cranial Nerves

PLAY
59

(I)

* Cranial Nerves

Figure 13.5a

* Cranial Nerves

Optical canal = optic nerve (II)

Superior orbital fissure = oculomotor nerve

(III), trochlear nerve (IV), abducens nerve
(VI), opthalmic division of trigeminal nerve
(V)

* Cranial Nerves

Inferior orbital fissure = maxillary division

of trigeminal nerve (V)

Figure 7.4b

* Cranial Nerves

Foramen ovale = mandibular division

of trigeminal nerve (V)

* Cranial Nerves

Stylomastoid foramen = facial

nerve (VII)
Jugular foramen = glossopharyngeal
nerve (IX), vagus nerve (X), and
accessory nerve (XI)

Foramen magnum = spinal cord from brain stem

Figure 7.4b

* Cranial Nerves
Olfactory foramina = Olfactory nerve (I)

Optical canal = optic nerve (II)

Foramen ovale = mandibular division of

trigeminal nerve (V)

Foramen rotundum = maxillary division of

trigeminal nerve (V)

Internal acustic meatus = Facial (VII) and

vestibulocochlear (VIII) nerves

Hypoglossal canal = hypoglossal nerve (XII)

Jugular foramen = glossopharyngeal nerve (IX),
vagus nerve (X), and accessory nerve (XI)

Foramen magnum = spinal cord

from brain stem

Figure 7.4b