Flexible Rigid Pavements
Flexible Rigid Pavements
Flexible Rigid Pavements
Design principles
pavement components and their role
Design practice for flexible and rigid pavements, (IRC
methods only).
FLEXIBLE PAVEMENT
RIGID PAVEMENT
Types of Pavements
Flexible
Rigid
LOAD DISTRIBUTION
Stability
Incompressibility
Permanency of strength
Minimum changes in volume and stability
under adverse condition of weather and
ground water
Good drainage
Ease of compaction
Subgrade Performance
Load bearing capacity:
Affected by degree of compaction, moisture content,
and soil type.
Moisture content:
Affects subgrade properties like load bearing capacity,
shrinkage and swelling.
Influenced by drainage, groundwater table elevation,
infiltration, or pavement porosity (which can be assisted
by cracks in the pavement).
Shrinkage and/or swelling:
Shrinkage, swelling and frost heave will tend to deform
and crack any pavement type constructed over them.
Soil type
Moisture Content
IS 2720 Part 8
Dry Density
Internal Structure of the soil
Type and Mode of Stress Application.
Subgrade soil
Thickness of pavement required
Stress- strain behaviour under load
Moisture variation
Climatic factors
Pavement component materials
Environment factors
Traffic Characteristics
Required Cross sectional elements of the alignment
Surface
SUR
Base/Subbase
Subgrade Soil
SUR
SUB
Axle Configurations
An axle is a central shaft for a rotating wheel or gear
Tandem Axle
(Legal Axle Load = 18t)
Truck Configuration
LCV
Standard Axle
Single axle with dual wheels carrying a
load of 80 kN (8 tonnes) is defined as
standard axle
80 kN
Standard Axle
Sub-grade
To Receive Layers of Pavement
Materials Placed over it
Plate Bearing Test
CBR Test
Triaxial Compression Test
Wearing Course
High Resistance to Deformation
High Resistance to Fatigue; ability to withstand high strains flexible
Sufficient Stiffness to Reduce Stresses in the Underlying Layers
High Resistance to Environmental Degradation; durable
Low Permeability - Water Tight Layer against Ingress of Surface
Water
Good Workability Allow Adequate Compaction
Sufficient Surface Texture Good Skid Resistance in Wet
Weather
axles(CSA)
CBR value of subgarde
Traffic Data
Initial data in terms of number of
commercial vehicles per day (CVPD).
Traffic growth rate during design life in %
Design life in number of years.
Distribution of commercial vehicles over the
carriage way
Design Life
AXLE
LOAD, t
No. of Axles
Total
Axles
Eq.
FACTOR
Damage
Factor
0-2
30
34
64
0.0002
0.0128
2-4
366
291
657
0.014
9.198
4-6
1412
204
1616
1616
213.312
6-8
1362
287
1649
1649
857.48
8-10
98
513
611
1.044
637.884
Terrain
Plain/Rolling
Hilly
0 150
1.5
0.5
150 1500
3.5
1.5
> 1500
4.5
2.5
Distribution Of Traffic
Single Lane Roads
Total No. of Commercial Vehicles in both Directions
CBR
Basis of Design chart:
A material with a given CBR value
requires certain thickness of pavement.
Load vs Penetration
The standard loads adopted for different penetrations for the standard
material with a C.B.R. value of 100%
Penetration of plunger
(mm)
Standard load
2.5
1370
5.0
2055
7.5
2630
10.0
3180
12.5
3600
(kg)
Subgrade
Subgrade
Subgrade to be Well Compacted to Utilize its Full
Strength
Top 500 mm to be Compacted to 97% of MDD
(Modified Proctor).
Material Should Have a Dry Density of 1.75 gm/cc.
CBR to be at Critical Moisture Content and Field
Density.
Strength Lab. CBR on Remoulded Specimens and
NOT Field CBR
Maximum Variation in
CBR Value
+_ 1
5-10
+_ 2
11-30
+_ 3
31 and above
+_ 4
Sub-base
Material Natural Sand, Moorum, Gravel,
Laterite, Kankar, Brick Metal, Crushed
Stone, Crushed Slag, Crushed Concrete
GSB- Close Graded / Coarse Graded
Parameters Gradation, LL, PI, CBR
Stability and Drainage Requirements
Sub-base
Sub-base
Min. CBR 2 %
If CBR < 2% - Pavement Thickness
for 2 % CBR + Capping layer of 150
mm with Min. CBR 10% (in addition
to the Sub-Base)
In case of Stage Construction
Thickness of GSB for Full Design
Life
Base Course
Unbound Granular Bases WBM /
WMM or any other Granular
Construction
Min. Thickness 225 mm < 2 msa
Min. Thickness 250 mm - > 2 msa
WBM Min. 300 mm ( 4 layers
75mm each)
Bituminous Surfacing
Wearing Course Open Graded
PMC, MSS, SDBC, BC
Binder Course BM, DBM
BM- Low Binder, More Voids,
Reduced Stiffness,
Bituminous Surfacing
Provide 75 mm BM Before
Laying DBM
Reduce Thickness of DBM Layer,
when BM is Provided ( 10 mm
BM = 7 mm DBM)
Choice of Wearing Course
Design Traffic, Type of Base /
Binder Course, Rainfall etc
WEARING
COURSE
ARF
TRAFFIC
WBM,
WMM,
CRM,
BUSG
PMC+SC (B)
PMC + SC (A)
MSS
L and M
L,M,H
L,M,H
< 10
BM
SDBC
PMC (A)
MSS
L,M,H
<10
DBM
BC 25 mm
BC 40 mm
BC 50 mm
L,M,H
>5<10
>10
>100
Example Of Pavement
Design For A New
Bypass
DATA:
Two-lane single carriageway = 400 CV/day
(sum of both directions)
Initial traffic in a year of completion of
construction
Traffic growth rate per annum
= 7.5 percent
=4%
Distribution factor
= 0.75
Cumulative number of standard axles to to be catered
for in the design
365 x [(1+0.075)15 1]
N = ----------------------------- x 400 x 0.75 x 2.5
0.075
=
= 660 mm
Example Of Pavement
Design For Widening An
Existing 2-lane NH To 4lane Divided Road
Data:
i) 4-lane divided carriageway
Initial traffic in each directions in the year of =
5600cv / day
Completion of construction
iii) Design life
= 10/15yrs
iv) Design CBR of sub-grade soil
=5%
v) Traffic growth rate
=8%
vi) Vehicle damage factor
= 4.5
(Found out from axle road survey axles per CV on
existing road)
References
1.Yoder and Witczak Principles of Pavement Design
John Wiley and Sons , second edition
2.IRC :37-2001, Guidelines of Design of
Flexible Pavements
3.IRC:81 - 1997 Tentative Guidelines for Strengthening
of Flexible Road Pavements Using Benkelman Beam
Deflection Technique