Nursing Research
Nursing Research
Nursing Research
investigation of phenomena
which includes the collection,
presentation, analysis and
interpretation of facts that
link mans speculation with
reality.
Research is a systematic,
controlled and empirical
investigation about the
occurrence of a certain
phenomena guided by theories
and hypotheses and the
presumed relations of these
phenomena.
Kerlinger, 1981
Treece
and
Treece
say
research is in the broadest
sense is an attempt to gain
solutions to problems.
It is
the collection
of data in a
rigorously
controlled
situations for the purpose of
prediction and explanation.
Research is considered to a
formal , systematic and
intensive process of
carrying on a scientific
analysis for the purpose of
discovering and
development of an
organized body of
knowledge.
-Best
Research involves a
systematic search for and
validation of knowledge
about issues of the
importance of the nursing
profession.
Importance of Research
- Professionalism
-Accountability
-Social Relevance of
Research
-Research and Decision
Making
Sources of Knowledge
- Tradition
- Authority
-Logical Reasoning
-Disciplined Research
Ontologic Assumption
(What is the nature of
reality?)
Positivists Paradigm
- Reality exists; there is a real
world driven by natural causes.
Naturalistic Paradigm
-Reality is multiple and
subjective, mentally
constructed by individuals.
Epistemologic Assumption
(How is the inquirer related to those
being researched?)
Positivist Paradigm
-Inquirer is independent from those being
researched; the findings as not
influenced by the researcher.
Naturalist Paradigm
-The inquirer interacts with those being
researched; finding are the creation of
the interactive process.
Axiologic Assumption
(What is the role of values in the
inquiry?)
Positivist Paradigm
-Values and biases are to be held in
check; objectivity is sought.
Naturalistic Paradigm
-Subjectivity and values are inevitable
and desirable.
Methodologic Assumption
(How is knowledge obtained?)
Positivist Paradigm
-Deductive processes
- Emphasis on discrete, specific concepts
-Verification of researchers hunches
-Fixed design
-Tight controls over contexts
-Emphasis on measured, quantitative information;
statistical analysis
-Seeks Generalization
Naturalistic Paradigm
-Inductive Processes
-Emphasis on entirety of some phenomenon, holisitc
-Emerging interpretations grounded in participants
experiences
-Flexible Design
-Emphasis on Narrative information, qualitative analysis
-Seeks patterns
Purpose
Identification
Description
Exploration
Explanation
Purpose
Types of Questions:
Quantitative Research
Types of Questions:
Qualitative Research
Quantitative Term
Subject
Study participant
Respondent
Qualitative Term
Study participant
Informant
Researcher
Investigator
_
_
Concepts
Constructs
Variables
Phenomena, topics
Concepts
_
System of organizing
concepts
Theory, theoretical
framework
Conceptual framework,
conceptual model
Theory
_
Information
Connections between
concepts
Patterns of association
Example
Topic or focus
Research problem
Statement of purpose
The purpose of the study is to test an intervention to reduce chemotherapyinduced side effects specifically, to compare the effectiveness of patientcontrolled and nurse-administered antiemetic therapy for controlling
nausea and vomiting in chemotherapy patients.
Research Question
Term
Example
Hypotheses
1.
Aims or objectives
This study seeks to accomplish the following objectives: (1) to develop and
implement two alternative procedures for administering antiemetic therapy for
patients receiving moderate emetogenic chemotherapy (patient controlled
versus nurse controlled); (2) to test three hypotheses concerning the relative
effectiveness of the alternative procedures on medication consumption and
control of side effects; and (30 to use the findings to develop
recommendations for possible changes to therapeutic procedures.
Variables or Concept
Quantitative Studies
How do childrens preoperative focus of attention
on the stress of surgery relate to their
preoperative coping? (La Montagne, Johnson,
Hepworth, & Johnson, 1997)
Qualitative Studies
How do recently graduated nurses describe
nursing care provided to culturally diverse clints
in hospital settings? (Kirkham, 1998)
Among those responsible for selecting a nursing
home for an elderly family member or friend, why
and how does the decision to institutionalize get
ade? (McAuley, Travis, & Safewright, 1997)
Simple Complex
Age of patients
Falling behavior
Simple
Addiction versus
nonaddiction of
mother
Birthweight of infant
Simple
Structured preoperative
support is more effective
in reducing surgical
patients perceptions of
pain and requests for
analgesics than
structured postoperative
support
Timing of nursing
intervention
Complex
Health practices
Complex
Testing Hypothesis
-an inductive hypothesis is a generalization based on
observed relationship. Patterns, trends or
associations are observed and uses this as a basis
for tentative explanation or prediction.
-deductive hypothesis has a starting point of theories
that are applied to particular situations.
-a workable hypothesis staes a
. relationship between
two or more variables and is capable of empirical
testing.
Directional hypothesis is one that specifies the
expected the expected direction of the relationship
THE END