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    The Important Endocrine Glands and Their Hormones A. The Pituitary Hormones

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    MsKizzy
    This document summarizes important endocrine glands and their hormones. It discusses the pituitary gland and its regulation by the hypothalamus. It describes hormones produced by the pituitary including ADH, oxytocin, growth hormone, TSH, ACTH, FSH, and LH. It also discusses the thyroid hormones T3 and T4, their regulation and effects. Finally, it covers the adrenal cortex hormones including cortisol and aldosterone, as well as the hormones insulin and glucagon produced by the pancreatic islets.

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    The Important Endocrine Glands and Their Hormones A. The Pituitary Hormones

    Uploaded by

    MsKizzy
    36 views32 pages
    This document summarizes important endocrine glands and their hormones. It discusses the pituitary gland and its regulation by the hypothalamus. It describes hormones produced by the pituitary including ADH, oxytocin, growth hormone, TSH, ACTH, FSH, and LH. It also discusses the thyroid hormones T3 and T4, their regulation and effects. Finally, it covers the adrenal cortex hormones including cortisol and aldosterone, as well as the hormones insulin and glucagon produced by the pancreatic islets.

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    Animal Physiology Powerpoint

    Original Title

    Lecture 6 EndocrineII

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    This document summarizes important endocrine glands and their hormones. It discusses the pituitary gland and its regulation by the hypothalamus. It describes hormones produced by the pituitary including ADH, oxytocin, growth hormone, TSH, ACTH, FSH, and LH. It also discusses the thyroid hormones T3 and T4, their regulation and effects. Finally, it covers the adrenal cortex hormones including cortisol and aldosterone, as well as the hormones insulin and glucagon produced by the pancreatic islets.

    Copyright:

    Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
    Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as ppt, pdf, or txt
    36 views32 pages

    The Important Endocrine Glands and Their Hormones A. The Pituitary Hormones

    Uploaded by

    MsKizzy
    This document summarizes important endocrine glands and their hormones. It discusses the pituitary gland and its regulation by the hypothalamus. It describes hormones produced by the pituitary including ADH, oxytocin, growth hormone, TSH, ACTH, FSH, and LH. It also discusses the thyroid hormones T3 and T4, their regulation and effects. Finally, it covers the adrenal cortex hormones including cortisol and aldosterone, as well as the hormones insulin and glucagon produced by the pancreatic islets.

    Copyright:

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    of 32

    Lecture 6

    2. The Important Endocrine Glands and Their Hormones


    A. The pituitary hormones
    • anatomy of the pituitary gland and its relation to the
    hypothalamus
     anterior lobe
     intermediate lobe
     posterior lobe
     pituitary stalk
     supraoptic neucleus
     paraventricular nucleus
     hypothalamus-pituitary portal system
     short portal system
    Lecture 6
    Lecture 6

    • Regulation of pituitary hormone secretion by the


    hypothalamus
     secretion of posterior pituitary hormones: a typical
    neuroendocrine regulatory mechanism
     secretion of anterior pituitary hormones: a typical
    endocrine regulatory mechanism
     important releasing/inhibiting hormones produced
    in hypothalamus:
    - Corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH)
    - Thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH)
    - Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH)
    - Growth-hormone-releasing hormone (GHRH)
    - Prolactin-releasing hormone (PRH)
    - Prolactin-inhibitory hormone (PIH)
    Lecture 6

    • Posterior pituitary hormones


     Antidiuretic hormone (ADH, vasppressin)
    - chemistry: 9 amino acid peptide, produced
    primarily by supraoptic nucleus and small
    amount by paraventricular nucleus
    - actions:
    1) water retention by the kidney 
    urine volume and  ECF
    2) vasoconstriction (in large amounts)
    - regulation/stimuli:
    1) blood (or ECF) osmolality/osmoreceptors
    2) blood volume
    Lecture 6

    3) others: alcohol, nicotine, barbiturates, etc.


    - abnormality: diabetes insipidus
     Oxytocin
    - chemistry: 9 amino acid peptide, produced
    primarily by paraventricular nucleus and small
    amount by supraoptic nucleus
    - actions: 1) regulating breast milk release
    2) contraction of pregnant uterus
    - regulation/stimuli:
    suckling by a nursing infant
    crying sounds from a baby
    fear and stress inhibit release
    Lecture 6

    • anterior pituitary hormones


    Growth hormone
    Prolactin
    Thyroid-stimulating hormone
    Adrenocorticotrophic hormone
    Folicle-stimulating hormone
    Luteinizing hormone
     Growth hormone (GH)
    - chemistry:191 peptide
    - actions: see Fig.13-7
    - regulation/stimuli:
    Growth hormone releasing hormone (GHRH)
    Lecture 6
    Lecture 6
    Lecture 6

    Growth hormone inhibitory hormone


    (somatostadin)
    other stimuli:
    deep sleep
    low blood glucose
    stress
    amino acids (arginine)
    - abnormality:
    dwarfism
    gigantism (acromegaly)
    Lecture 6
    Lecture 6

    B. The Thyroid Hormones


    The main hormones secreted by the thyroid gland are
    iodinated derivatives of thyroxine (T4) and
    triiodothyronine (T3).
    • Synthesis and secretion of thyroid hormones
    Lecture 6
    Lecture 6

    • Regulation of thyroid synthesis


    and secretion - hypothalamic-
    pituitary-thyroid axis
    Hypothalamus  TRH 
    anterior pituitary  TSH 
    thyroid  T3 & T4  negative
    feedback on the hypothalamus
    and the anterior pituitary
    Lecture 6

    • Thyroid hormone transport and metabolism - T3 and


    T4 are carried by thyroxine-binding globulin and
    albumin
    • Effects of thyroid hormones on metabolic processes
     Metabolic rate: increased BMR
     Calorogenic: increased heat production (oxidative
    metabolism)
     Sympathomimetic: Fight or Flight
     Cardiovascular: increased heart rate and
    contractions
     Growth: essential for normal growth of skeletal
    system (permissive or synergistic with GH, insulin-
    like growth factors), CNS, ANS
     Nervous system: development and maturation
    Lecture 6

    • Disorders of thyroid function


     Hypothyroidism
    - Myxedema - Hypothyroidism occurring in
    adulthood. Clinical features include lethargy, cold
    intolerance, decreased sweating, bradycardia,
    tongue enlargement, and non-pitting edema of
    the skin due to infiltration of the subcutaneous
    tissues by metachromatic proteoglycans.

    Myxedema causing
    puffiness of the face in
    an adult with
    hypothyroidism.
    Lecture 6

    - cretinism: A type of mental retardation and


    bodily malformation caused by severe,
    uncorrected thyroid deficiency in infancy and
    early childhood.
     Hyperthroidism
    - Grave’s disease: Grave’s disease is an
    autoimmune disease in which the immune
    system produces antibodies which stimulate
    the TSH receptors of the thyroid gland,
    resulting in overproduction of thyroid
    hormones. Symptoms: increased pulse rate,
    increased sweating, heat intolerance, hair
    loss, inflammation of the eyes, swelling of
    the tissues around the eyes, and protrusion
    of the eyes.
    Lecture 6

    - Goiter: an enlargement of the thyroid gland,


    often resulting from the deficiency of iodine in
    the diet (simple goiter) or other causes of
    hyperthytoidism
    Lecture 6
    Lecture 6
    C. The Adrenal Glands
    • Adrenal medulla
    • Adrenal cortex
    Three specific zones and each produces a specific
    class of steroid hormone
    Zona glomerulosa - mineralocorticoids
    Zona fasciculata - glucocorticoids
    Zona reticularis - androgens
    Lecture 6

     glucocorticoids (cortisol)
    - regulation of glucocorticoid secretion
    Lecture 6

    - physiological effects of glucocorticoids:


    liver: increases gluconeogenesis
    increases glycogen synthesis
    skeletal muscle:
    dcreases protein synthesis
    increases protein degradation
    decreases glucose uptake
    adipose tissue:
    decreases glucose uptake
    increases lipid mobilization
    the permissive actions
    Lecture 6

    effects on blood vessels and blood cells:


    enhances responsiveness of blood vessels
    increases neutrophils, RBC and plateletes
    decreases eosinophils and basophils
    - pharmacological effects of glucocorticoids
    anti-inflammatory effects
    immunosuppressive effects
     mineralocorticoids (aldosterone)
    - regulation of mineralocorticoid secretion
    - effects of mineralocorticoids:
     ECF   blood volume  BP & CO
    increases excretion of potassium
    retains more sodium
    Lecture 6

    • abnormalities of adrenal cortex function


     excess secretion of glucocorticoids
    - Cushing’s syndrome:
    redistribution of fat
    Hypertention
    increased susceptibility to infection
    osteoporosis
     adrenal insufficiency
    - Addison’s disease:
    low plasma Na+, high plasma K+
    low blood pressure
    muscle weakness
    vomiting, dehydration
    low blood sugar
    excess pigmentation of skin
    Lecture 6

    D. The Endocrine Pancreas


    • Islets of Langerhans

    • Insulin
     synthesis and
    secretion of insulin
    - a double-chain
    peptide hormone
    with 51 aa
    - beta cells
    - derived from
    proinsulin, a large
    precursor
    Lecture 6

     regulation of its synthesis and secretion


    - stimulators:
    increased blood glucose
    amino acids
    fatty acids
    glucose-dependent insulinotropic peptide (GIP)
    acetylcholine (parasympathetic activity)
    glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1)
    - inhibitors:
    somatostatin
    epinephrine
    norepinephrine
    Lecture 6

     metabolic effects of insulin


    - carbohydrate metabolism
    - lipid metabolism
    - protein metabolism
    Lecture 6
    Lecture 6

    • Glucagon
     synthesis and secretion of glucagon
    - a single-chain peptide hormone with 29 aa alpha
    cells
    - derived from proglucagon, a large precursor
     regulation of its synthesis and secretion
    - stimulators:
    low blood glucose
    amino acids
    acetylcholine
    epinephrine
    norepinephrine
    Lecture 6

    - inhibitors:
    fatty acids
    Somatostatin
    insulin
     metabolic effects of glucagon (opposite to insulin)
    - carbohydrate metabolism
    - lipid metabolism
    - protein metabolism
    Lecture 6

    • Metabolic regulation by pancreatic hormones: the fed


    state vs the fasted states
    Fed state Fasted state
    Lecture 6

    • Diabetes Mellitus
     Type I, insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus
    - Insulin deficiency
    - More during adolescence
    - Auto-immune disease
     Type II, non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus
    - Lake of insulin response at the target tissues
    (insulin resistance)
    - More in obese people but obese is not the cause
    - Strong genetic component
    Lecture 6

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