Estimation

1.
INTRODUCTION
1.1 DEFINITION OF ESTIMATING AND COSTING
Estimating is the technique of calculating or Computing the various quantities and the
expected Expenditure to be incurred on a particular work or project.
In case the funds available are less than the estimated cost the work is done in part or
by reducing it or specifications are altered, the following requirement are necessary
for preparing an estimate.
a ) Drawings like plan, elevation and sections of important points.
b) Detailed specifications about workmanship & properties of materials etc.
c) Standard schedule of rates of the current year.
1.2 NEED FOR ESTIMATION AND COSTING
1. Estimate give an idea of the cost of the work and hence its feasibility can be
determined i.e. whether the project could be taken up with in the funds available or
not.
2. Estimate gives an idea of time required for the completion of the work.
3. Estimate is required to invite the tenders and Quotations and to arrange contract.
4. Estimate is also required to control the expenditure during the execution of work.
5. Estimate decides whether the proposed plan matches the funds available or not.
1
1. INTRODUCTION
1.3 PROCEDURE OF ESTIMATING OR METHOD OF ESTIMATING.
Estimating involves the following operations
1. Preparing detailed Estimate.
2. Calculating the rate of each unit of work.
3. Preparing abstract of estimate .
1.4 DATA REQUIRED TO PREPARE AN ESTIMATE
1. Drawings i.e. plans, elevations, sections etc.
2. Specifications.
3. Rates.
1.4.1 DRAWINGS
If the drawings are not clear and without complete dimensions the preparation
of estimation become very difficult. So, It is very essential before preparing
an estimate.
1. INTRODUCTION
1.4.2. SPECIFICATIONS
a) General Specifications: This gives the nature, quality, class and work and
materials in general terms to be used in various parts of wok. It helps no form a
general idea of building.
b) Detailed Specifications: These gives the detailed description of the various items
of work laying down the Quantities and qualities of materials, their proportions,
the method of preparation workmanship and execution of work.
1.4.3. RATES:
For preparing the estimate the unit rates of each item of work are required.
1. For arriving at the unit rates of each item.
2. The rates of various materials to be used in the construction.
3. The cost of transport materials.
4. The wages of labour, skilled or unskilled of masons, carpenters, etc.,
1. INTRODUCTION
1. INTRODUCTION
1.6 LUMPSUM:
While preparing an estimate, it is not possible to workout in detail in case of petty
items. Items other than civil engineering such items are called lump sum items or
simply L.S. Items.
The following are some of L.S. Items in the estimate.
1. Water supply and sanitary arrangements.
2. Electrical installations like meter, motor, etc.,
3. Architectural features.
4. Contingencies and unforeseen items.
In general, certain percentage on the cost of estimation is allotted for the above
L.S. Items
Even if sub estimates prepared or at the end of execution of work, the actual cost
should not exceed the L.S. amounts provided in the main estimate.
1.7 WORK CHARGED ESTABLISHMENT:
During the construction of a project considerable number of skilled supervisors,
work assistance, watch men etc., are employed on temporary basis.
The salaries of these persons are drawn from the L.S. amount allotted towards
the work charged establishment. that is, establishment which is charged directly
to work. an L.S. amount of 1 to 2% of the estimated cost is provided towards
5
the work charged establishment.
2. MEASUREMENT OF MATERIALS AND WORKS

2.1 UNITS OF MEASUREMENTS:
The units of measurements are mainly categorized for their nature, shape and
size and for making payments to the contractor and also. The principle of units
of measurements normally consists the following:
a) Single units work like doors, windows, trusses etc., are expressed in numbers.
b) Works consists linear measurements involve length like cornice, fencing, hand
rail, bands of specified width etc., are expressed in running meters (RM)
c) Works consists areal surface measurements involve area like plastering, white
washing, partitions of specified thickness etc., are expressed in square meters
(m2)
d) Works consists cubical contents which involve volume like earth work,
cement concrete, Masonry are expressed in Cubic meters.
MEASUREMENT OF MATERIALS AND WORKS

No Particulars of item
.
I
II
Units of
Units of
Measurem payment
ent
Earth work:
1. Earth work in Excavation
m3
Per m3
2. Earthwork in filling in foundation trenches
m3
Per m3
3. Earth work in filling in plinth
m3
Per m3
1. Lime concert in foundation
m3
Per m3
2. Cement concrete in Lintels
m3
Per m3
3. R.C.C.in slab
m3
Per m3
4. C.C. or R.C.C., Sunshade
m3
Per m3
5. L.C. in roof terracing (thickness specified)
m2
Per m2
6. Cement concrete bed
m3
Per m3
7. R.C. Sunshade (Specified Width & High)
mL
Per mL
Concrete:

.
III
Damp Proof Course (D.P.C)

(Thickness should be mentioned)
IV
Units of
Units of
Measurem payment
ent
m2
Per m2
1. Brickwork in foundation
m3
Per m3
2. Brick work in plinth
m3
Per m3
4. Thin partition walls
m2
Per m2
5. Brick work in arches
m3
Per m3
6. Reinforced brick work (R.B. Work)
m3
Per m3
m3
Per m3
Brick work:
3. Brick work in super structure
Stone Work:
Stone masonry

.
VI
Units of
Units of
Measurem payment
ent
Wood work:
1. Door sand windows frames or, rafters beams
m3
Per m3
2. Shutters of doors and windows (thickness

specified)
3. Doors and windows fittings (like hinges, tower
bolts, sliding bolts, handles)
m2
Per m2
Number
Per number
1. Steel reinforcement bars etc. in R.C.C. and

R.B. work. quintal
Quintal
Per quintal
2. Bending, binding of steel Reinforcement
Quintal
Per quintal
3. Rivets, bolts, & nuts, Anchor bolts, Lewis

bolts, Holding down bolts.
4. Iron hold fasts
Quintal
Per quintal
Quintal
Per quintal
VII Steel work

.
5. Iron railing (height and types specified)
6. Iron grills
VIII
Units of
Units of
Measurem payment
ent
Quintal Per quintal
m2
Per m2
1. R.C.C. and R.B. Slab roof (excluding steel)
m3
Per m3
2. L.C. roof over and inclusive of tiles or brick or

stone slab etc. (thickness specified)
3. Centering and shuttering form work
m2
Per m2
m2
Per m2
4. A.C. Sheet roofing
m2
Per m2
m2
Per m2
m2
Per m2
Roofing
Plastering, points & finishing

1. Plastering-Cement or Lime Mortar (thickness
and proportion specified)
2. Pointing
10

.
3. White washing, color washing, cement wash
(number of coats specified)
m2
Per m2
4. Distempering (number of coats specified)
m2
Per m2
m2
Per m2
1. 25mm cement concrete over 75mm lime

concrete floor (including L.C.)
m2
Per m2
2. 25mm or 40mm C.C. floor
m2
Per m2
3. Doors and window sills (C.C. or cement

mortar plain)
m2
Per m2
Rain water pipe /Plain pipe
m.L
Per m.L
5. Painting,
specified)
X
XI
Units of
Units of
Measurem payment
ent
varnishing
(number
of
coats
Flooring
11

.
Units of
Units of
Measurem payment
ent
XII Steel wooden trusses
No.
Per No.
XIII
Glass panels (supply)
m2
Per m2
XIV
Fixing of glass panels or cleaning
No.
Per No.
12

2.2 RULES FOR MEASUREMENT :
The rules for measurement of each item are invariably described below.
1. Measurement shall be made for finished item of work and description of each
item shall include materials, transport, labour, fabrication tools and plant and all
types of overheads for finishing the work in required shape, size and specification.
2. In booking, the order shall be in sequence of length, breadth and height or
thickness.
3. Same type of work under different conditions and nature shall be measured
separately under separate items.
4. The bill of quantities shall fully describe the materials, proportions,
workmanships and accurately represent the work to be executed.
5. In case of masonry (stone or brick) or structural concrete, the categories shall
be measured separately and the heights shall be described:
a) from foundation to plinth level
b) from plinth level to First floor level
c) from Fist floor to Second floor level and so on.
13

2.3 METHODS OF TAKING OUT QUANTITIES:
The quantities like earth work, foundation concrete, brickwork in plinth and super
structure etc., can be workout by any of following two methods:
a) Long wall - short wall method
b) Centre line method.
c) Partly center line and short wall method.
a) Long wall-short wall method:
In this method, the wall along the length of room is considered to be long wall
while the wall perpendicular to long wall is said to be short wall. To get the
Measurement of Materials and Works
length of long wall or short wall, calculate first the center line lengths of individual
walls. Then the length of long wall, (out to out) may be calculated after adding half
breadth at each end to its center line length. Thus the length of short wall measured
into in and may be found by deducting half breadth from its center line length at
each end. The length of long wall usually decreases from earth work to brick work
in super structure while the short wall increases. These lengths are multiplied by
14
breadth and depth to get quantities.

b) Centre line method:
This method is suitable for walls of similar cross sections. Here the total center line
length is multiplied by breadth and depth of respective item to get the total quantity
at a time. When cross walls or partitions or verandah walls join with main all, the
center line length gets reduced by half of breadth for each
junction. such junction or joints are studied carefully while calculating total center
line length. The estimates prepared by this method are most accurate and quick.
c) Partly center line and partly cross wall method:
This method is adopted when external (i.e., around the building) wall is of one
thickness and the internal walls having different thicknesses. In such cases, center
line method is applied to external walls and long wall-short wall method is used to
internal walls. This method suits for different thicknesses walls and different level
of foundations. Because of this reason, all Engineering departments are practicing
this method.
15

Example:- From the Drawing given below determine
(a) Earth work excavation
(b) CC (1:2:4) (concrete) for Bed
(c) R.R. (Random rubble) Masonry in C.M (1:6).
(d) Brick Work in C.M (1:6).
Note:- All dimensions are in m

D=1X2.1 m
W=1.2X1.5 m
16

Long wall - Short wall Method
17

S
Particulars of item
No.
1.
Earth
excavation
foundation
a) Long Walls
Unit
No.
o.
L
(m)
B
H
(m) (m)
m3
6.2
0.9
Remark
Work
for
1.4 15.624
L=5.3+0.45+
0.45=6.2m
D=0.3+0.5=0
.80m
a) Short Walls
m3
Total
3.4
0.9
1.4
8.568
L=4.3-0.450.45=3.4m
24.192
m3
18

S
Particulars of item
No.
2.
Unit
No.
o.
L
(m)
B
H
(m) (m)
a) Long Walls
m3
6.2
0.9
0.3
3.348
a) Short Walls
m3
3.4
0.9
0.3
1.836
Remark
C.C. (1:2:4) bed for

foundation
Total
3.
5.184
m3
R.R. Masonry in CM
(1:6)
a) Under D.P.C (0.6m
width)
i) Long Walls
m3
5.9
0.6
0.5
3.54
L=5.3+0.3
+0.3=5.9m
ii) Short Walls
m3
3.7
0.6
0.5
2.22
L=4.3-0.30.3=3.7m
Total
5.76
19

Unit
No.
o.
L
(m)
B
H
(m) (m)
i) Long Walls
m3
5.75
0.45 0.6
3.105
L=5.3+0.225
+0.225=5.75
m
ii) Short Walls
m3
3.85
0.45 0.6
2.079
L=4.3-0.2250.225=3.85m
S
Particulars of item
No.
Remark
a) Under D.P.C (0.45m

width)
Total
5.184
m3
Total R.R. Masonry for footings and

Basement=5.76+5.184 =
10.9
4
m3
20

Unit
No.
o.
L
(m)
B
H
(m) (m)
a) Long Walls
m3
5.6
0.30
10.08
L=5.3+0.1
5+0.15=5.
6m
b) Short Walls
m3
4.0
0.30
7.2
L=4.30.150.15=4.0m
S
Particulars of item
No.
4.
Remark
Brick masonry with

CM (1:6) for super
structure
Total
17.28
m3
21

Centre Line Method
S
Particulars of item
No.
1.
2.
Earth
excavation
foundation
Unit
No.
o.
L
(m)
m3
19.20
0.9
1.4 24.192 L=2(5.3+4

.3)=19.2m
m3
19.20
0.9
0.3
B
H
(m) (m)
Remark
Work
for
C.C.(1:4:8) bed for

foundation
5.184
L=4.30.450.45=3.4m
22

Centre Line Method
Unit
No.
L
(m)
a) 0.6m width
m3
19.20
0.5
5.76
b) 0.45m width
m3
19.20 0.45 0.6
5.184
S
Particulars of item
No.
3.
B
H
(m) (m)
Remark
R.R. Masonry in CM
(1:6) under D.P.C.
0.6
Total
4.
Brick masonry with

CM (1:6) for super
structure
above
D.P.C.
m3
10.944
m3
1
19.20
0.3
17.28
23
3. TYPES OF ESTIMATES
3.1 DETAILED ESTIMATE:
The preparation of detailed estimate consists of working out quantities of various
items of work and then determine the cost of each item. This is prepared in two
stages.
i) Details of measurements and calculation of quantities:
The complete work is divided into various items of work such as earth work
concreting, brick work, R.C.C. Plastering etc., The details of measurements are
taken from drawings and entered in respective columns of prescribed preforms. the
quantities are calculated by multiplying the values that are in numbers column to
Depth column as shown below:
24
Details of measurements form

S
No.
Description of item
Unit
No.
o.
Length
(L)
m
Width
(B)
m
Depth/
Height
D/H
(m)
Quantity Remark
25
ii) Abstract of Estimated Cost :

The cost of each item of work is worked out from the quantities that already
computed in the details measurement form at workable rate. But the total cost is
worked out in the prescribed form is known as abstract of estimated form. 4%of
estimated Cost is allowed for Petty Supervision, contingencies and Unforeseen items.
ABSTRACT OF ESTIMATE FORM
Item
No.
Description / Particular
Quantity
Unit
Rate
Amount
26
The detailed estimate should accompanied with

i) Report
ii) Specification
iii) Drawings (plans, elevation, sections)
iv) Design charts and calculations
v) Standard schedule of rates..
3.1.1.Factors to be considered While Preparing Detailed Estimate:
i) Quantity and transportation of materials: For bigger project, the
requirement of materials is more. such bulk volume of materials will be
purchased and transported definitely at cheaper rate.
ii) Location of site: The site of work is selected, such that it should reduce
damage or in transit during loading, unloading, stocking of materials.
iii) Local labour charges: The skill, suitability and wages of local labors are
considered while preparing the detailed estimate.
27
3.2 DATA:
The process of working out the cost or rate per unit of each item is called as Data. In
preparation of Data, the rates of materials and labour are obtained from current
standard scheduled of rates and while the quantities of materials and labour required
for one unit of item are taken from Standard Data Book (S.D.B)
3.2.1 Fixing of Rate per Unit of an Item:
The rate per unit of an item includes the following:
i) Quantity of materials & cost: The requirement of materials are taken strictly in
accordance with standard data book(S.D.B). The cost of these includes first cost,
freight, insurance and transportation charges.
ii) Cost of labour: The exact number of laborers required for unit of work and the
multiplied by the wages/ day to get of labour for unit item work.
iii) Cost of equipment (T&P): Some works need special type of equipment, tools
and plant. In such case, an amount of 1 to 2% of estimated cost is provided.
iv) Overhead charges: To meet expenses of office rent, depreciation of equipment
salaries of staff postage, lighting an amount of 4% of estimate cost is allocated.
28
3.3 METHODS OF PREPARATION OF APPROXIMATE ESTIMATE:

Preliminary or approximate estimate is required for studies of various aspects of
work of project and for its administrative approval. It can decide, in case of
commercial projects, whether the net income earned justifies the amount invested
or not. The approximate estimate is prepared from the practical knowledge and
cost of similar works. The estimate is accompanied by a report duly explaining
necessity and utility of the project and with a site or layout plan. A
percentage 5 to 10% is allowed for contingencies. The following are the methods
used for preparation of approximate estimates.
a) Plinth area method
b) Cubical contents methods
c) Unit base method.
29
a) Plinth area method: The cost of construction is determined by multiplying

plinth area with plinth area rate. The area is obtained by multiplying length and
breadth (outer dimensions of building). In fixing the plinth area rate, carefully
observation and necessary enquiries are made in respect of quality and quantity
aspect of materials and labour, type of foundation, height of building, roof, wood
work, fixtures, number of stores etc.,
The following areas include while calculating the plinth area of building.
a) Area of walls at floor level.
b) Internal shafts of sanitary installations not exceeding 2.0m2, lifts, airconditioning ducts etc.,
c) Area of bar Barsati terrace level:
Barsati means any covered space open on one side constructed on one side
constructed on terraced roof which is used as shelter during rainy season.
d) Porches of non cantilever type.
Areas which are not to include
30
Areas which are not to include

a) Area of lofts.
b) Unenclosed balconies.
c) Architectural bands, cornices etc.,
d) Domes, towers projecting above terrace level.
e) Box louvers and vertical sun breakers.
b) Cubical Contents Method: This method is generally used for multistoried
buildings. It is more accurate that the other two methods viz., plinth area method
and unit base method. The cost of a structure is calculated approximately as the
total cubical contents (Volume of buildings) multiplied by Local Cubic Rate. The
volume of building is obtained by Length x breadth x depth or height. The length
and breadth are measured out to out of walls excluding the plinth off set.
The cost of string course, cornice, car boulling etc., is neglected.
The cost of building= volume of buildings x rate/ unit volume.
31
c) Unit Base Method: According to this method the cost of structure is determined
by multiplying the total number of units with unit rate of each item. In case schools
and colleges, the unit considered to be as 'one student' and in case of hospital, the
unit is 'one bed'. the unit rate is calculated by dividing the actual expenditure
incurred or cost of similar building in the nearby locality by the number of units.
Problems on Plinth Area Method
Example 3.1: Prepare an approximate estimate of building project with total plinth
area of all building is 800 sqm. and from following data.
i) Plinth area rate $450 per sqm
ii) Cost of water supply @7%of cost of building.
iii) Cost of Sanitary and Electrical installations each @ 7% of cost of building.
iv) Cost of architectural features @1% of building cost.
v) Cost of roads and lawns @5% of building cost.
vi) Cost of P.S. and contingencies @4% of building cost.
Determine the total cost of building project.
32
Solution :
Data given:
Plinth area = 800m2.
Plinth area rate = $450 per Sqm.
Cost of building = 800 x 450 = $360000
Add the cost of the water supply charges @7% = (7.5/100)*360000=$27000
Add the Cost of Sanitary and electrical installation @ 15%=(15/100)*360000=$54000
Add the cost of architectural features @1%=(1/100)*360000=$3600
Add the cost of Roads Lawns @ 5%= (5/100)*360000=$18000
Add the Cost of P.S. and contingencies @ 4%=(4/100)*360000=$14400
Total Rs. =$ 477000
Assume Add supervision charges 8% on overall cost=(8/100)*477000=$38160
Grand Total Rs. =$ 515160
33
Example 3.2 : The plinth area of an apartment is 500 sqm. Determine the total cost
of building from the following data:
a) Rate of construction = Rs.$123/- -per m3.
b) The height of apartment = 16.25 m
c) Water Supply, Sanitary and Electrical installations each at 6% of building cost.
d) Architectural appearance @ 1% of building cost.
e) Unforeseen item @2% of Building cost.
f) P.S. and contingencies @4% of building
Solution :
a) The Cost of building = cubic content x cubic rate = 500 16.25 123 = $999375
b) Provision for water supply, sanitary and Electrical installations water supply
and sanitation each @ 6% = 999375*18/100 = $179887.5
i.e total percent = 36 = 18% building cost
34
c) Architectural appearance @1% = 999375*1/100 = $9993.75

d) Unforeseen items @2% = 999375*2/100 = $19987.5
e) P.S. and contingencies @4% = 999375*4/100 = $39975
Total cost of the building project = Grand Total =
$1250000
Example 3.3: The plinth area and plinth area rate of a residential building
are 100 sqm and $ 500/- respectively. Determine the total cost of building
assuming suitable provisions.
Solution :
Cost of building = 100 x 500 = $50000
Cost of water supply and sanitary fittings @15% = 50000*15/100 = $7500
Cost of Electrification @7% = 50000*7.5/100 = $3750
Cost of Roads & Lawns @5%= 50000*5/100 = $2500
Cost of P.S.& contingencies@4% = 50000*4/100 = $2000
Total Cost $ 65750
35
c) Architectural appearance @1% = 999375*1/100 = $9993.75

d) Unforeseen items @2% = 999375*2/100 = $19987.5
e) P.S. and contingencies @4% = 999375*4/100 = $39975
Total cost of the building project = Grand Total =
$1250000
Example 3.4 : Prepare an approximate Estimate of a proposed building from
the following?
Plinth area of the building = 226 sqm.
Cost of the structure = $ 250 per sqm.
Water supply and sanitary arrangements = 12%
Electrification =7%
Fluctuation of rates = 5%
petty supervision charges = 3%
36
sol:
Cost of Building = 226x 250 = $ 56500
Water supply & Sanitary arrangements @ 12 % = 56500*12.5/100 = $7062.5
Electrification @7%= 56500*7/100 = $3955
Fluctuation of rates 5% = 56500*5/100 = $ 2825
Petty supervision charges 3%= 56500*3/100 = $1695
Total Cost = $72037.5
37
Example 3.5 : Prepare the rough estimate for a proposed commercial compels
for a municipal corporation for the following data.
Plinth Area = 500m2/floor
Ht of each story = 3.5m
No. of stores = G+2
Cubical content rate = $ 100/m3
Provided for a following as a percentage of structured cost
a) water supply & Sanitary arrangement 8%
b) Electrification 6%
c) Fluctuation of rates 5%
d) Contractors profit 10%
e) Petty supervision & contingencies 3%
38
Sol :
Cubical content = No. of stores (Plinth Area x height of each story)
= 3(500x3.5) = 5250m3
Structural cost = Cubical content x cubical content rate
= 5250 x 100 = $525000
Water supply and sanitation = 525000*8/100 = $42000
b) Electrification = 525000*6/100
= $31500
c) fluctuation of rates = 525000*5/100
= $26250
Total
= $99750
Structural cost
= $ 525000
Total = $624750
d) P.S./& contingencies = 624750* 3/100 = $18742.5
e) Contractors Profit = 624750 * 10/100 = $ 62475
Total Cost = $70.596 7.5
39
Example 3.6: Prepare an approximate estimate or rough cost estimate of a

hospital building for 50 beds. The cost of construction altogether for each bed
is
$6000/-. Determine the total cost of hospital building.
Solution:
No. of beds = 50
Cost of construction = $ 6000
Total Cost of Hospital building = 50x 6000= $ 300000
Example 3.7: To prepare the rough cost estimate of a hostel building which
accommodate 150 students. The cost of construction including all provisions is
$1500 per student. Determine total cost of building.
Solution :
No. of students= 150
Cost of construction including all L.S. provisions = $1500
Total Cost of hostel building =150 * 1500 = $225000
40
4. DETAIL & ABSTRACT ESTIMATES OF BUILDINGS

Example 1: From the given figure below calculate the detailed and abstract
estimate for the single roomed building (Load bearing type structure) by
a) long wall & short wall method
b) (b) Centre Line Method
Single Roomed Building

(Load Bearing type structure)
Note:- All dimensions are in m
D=1X2.1 m (RCC Lintels above doors length 1.5m & depth
0.25m)
41
42

S
Particulars of item
No.
1.
Earth
excavation
foundation
a) Long Walls
Unit
No.
o.
L
(m)
B
H
(m) (m)
m3
6.2
0.9
Remark
Work
for
0.8
8.928
L=5.3+0.45
+0.45=6.2
m
D=0.3+0.5=
0.8m
b) Short Walls
m3
Total
3.4
0.9
0.8
4.896
L=4.3-0.450.45=3.4m
13.824
m3
43

S
Particulars of item
No.
2.
Unit
No.
o.
L
(m)
B
H
(m) (m)
a) Long Walls
m3
6.2
0.9
0.3
3.348
b) Short Walls
m3
3.4
0.9
0.3
1.836
Remark

foundation
Total
3.
5.184
m3
R.R. Masonry in CM
(1:6) under D.P.C.
a) 0.6m width
i) Long Walls
m3
5.9
0.6
0.5
3.54
L=5.3+0.3
+0.3=5.9m
ii) Short Walls
m3
3.7
0.6
0.5
2.22
L=4.3-0.30.3=3.7m
Total
5.76 m3
44

Unit
No.
o.
L
(m)
B
H
(m) (m)
i) Long Walls
m3
5.75
0.45 0.6
3.105
L=5.3+0.225
+0.225=5.75
m
ii) Short Walls
m3
3.85
0.45 0.6
2.079
L=4.3-0.2250.225=3.85m
S
Particulars of item
No.
Remark
b) 0.45m width
Total
5.184
m3
Total R.R. Masonry Under D.P.C.

=5.76+5.184 =
10.9
4
m3
45

Unit
No.
L
(m)
B
(m)
H
(m)
a) Long Walls
m3
5.6
0.30
10.08
L=5.3+0.15+0.
15=5.6m
b) Short Walls
m3
4.0
0.30
7.2
L=4.3-0.150.15=4.0m
i) Long Walls
m3
5.6
0.20 0.75
1.68
ii) Short Walls
m3
4.2
0.20 0.75
1.26
S
Particulars of item
No.
4.
Remark
Brick masonry with

CM (1:6) for super
structure
c) for parapet wall
Total
20.22
3
46

S
No.
Particulars of item
No.
L
(m)
B
(m)
H
(m)
Remark
Deductions for openings

a) Doors
m3
0.30
2.1
0.63
b) Windows
m3
1.5
0.30
1.2
1.62
c)Lintel over doors
m3
1.5
0.3
0.25
0.113
d)Lintels over windows
m3
2.0
0.3
0.25
0.45
Total
-2.813
17.7407m3
Net wall Masonry = 20.22 2.813 =

5.
R.C.C. (1:2:4) for

a) Roof slab
m3
5.6
4.6
0.15
3.864
b) Doors
m3
1.5
0.3
0.25
0.113
c) Windows
m3
2.0
0.3
0.25
0.45
c) Beams under slabs
47

S
No.
Particulars of item
Unit
No.
o.
L
(m)
B
(m)
H
(m)
6.
Filling for basement
m3
4.85
3.85
0.6
11.204
7.
C.C.(1:4:8) for flooring
m3
4.85
3.85
0.1
1.867
8.
Flooring with Mosaic tiles
m2
5.0
4.0
20
9.
Plastering with CM
(1:3)for super structure
i) Long walls
m2
3.25
32.5
ii)Short walls
m2
3.25
26
i) Long walls
m2
5.6
4.4
49.28
ii) Short walls
m2
4.6
4.4
40.48
Remark
L=5.3-0.2250.225=4.85m
L=4.3-0.2250.225=3.85m
a)Inside
b) Out side
H=0.2+3.0+0.3+0.
15+0.75=4.4m
(up to parapet
wall)
48

S
No.
Unit
No.
o.
L
(m)
B
(m)
H
(m)
i) Long walls
m2
5.75
0.6
6.9
ii) Short walls
m2
4.75
0.6
5.7
- Long walls
m2
5.75
0.075
0.863
- Short walls
m2
4.6
0.075
0.69
d) Plastering for celling
m2
5.0
4.0
20
- Long walls
m2
5.2
0.75
7.8
- Short walls
m2
4.2
0.75
6.3
Particulars of item
Remark
c) Wall 0.4m width
iii) Top of wall 0.45m width
e) Parapet wall
i) Inside
49

S
No.
Unit
No.
o.
L
(m)
B
(m)
H
(m)
- Long walls
m2
5.6
0.2
2.24
- Short walls
m2
4.2
0.2
1.68
Particulars of item
Remark
ii) top
Total
200.433
m2
Deductions for opening

a) Doors
i) out side
m2
2.1
2.1
ii)Inside
m2
2.05
2.05
b) Windows
m2
1.5
1.2
10.8
Total
14.95
m2
50

S
No.
Unit
No.
o.
L
(m)
B
(m)
H
(m)
i)Doors sides
(outside)
m2
2.1
0.12
0.504
i)Doors sides (inside)
m2
2.05
0.12
0.492
ii)Doors Top
m2
0.12
0.24
iii)Windows Top &

Bottom
m2
5.4
0.12
3.888
Particulars of item
Remark
D) Addition around doors

and windows
Total
Net Gypsum Plastering = 200.433 14.95+5.124=
L=2(1.5+1.2)=5.4m
5.124m2
190.607
m2
51

S
No.
Particulars of item
Unit
No.
o.
10
Cement Painting (Same

as quantity of
plastering for walls
and Ceiling)
m2
11
Supply & Fixing of

best
type for
m2
5.0
4.0
20
a) Doors
m2.
2.1
2.1
b) Window
m2
1.5
1.2
5.4
L
(m)
B
(m)
H
(m)
Remark
190.607
52

Unit
No.
o.
L
(m)
B
(m)
H
(m)
i) Long wall
m.l
5.6
0.30
0.2
0.672
ii)Short wall
.m.l
0.30
0.2
0.48
S
No.
Particulars of item
12
D.P.C. 0.2m height
Remark
a) Walls
Total
b) Deductions for doors
m3.
1.152
m3
1
Net D.P.C=1.152-0.03
1.0
0.3
0.1
-0.03
1.122
m3
53

Unit
No.
o.
L
(m)
B
(m)
H
(m)
i) Long wall
m3.
10
ii)Short wall
m3.
S
No.
Particulars of item
13
Skirting 10cm height
Total
m3.
Remark
18m
1
Net D.P.C=18-0.76
0.76
-0.76
L=1-0.120.12=0.76m
13.68
m
54

Centre Line Method
S
Particulars of item
No.
1.
2.
Earth
excavation
foundation
Unit
No.
o.
L
(m)
m3
19.20
0.9
0.8 13.824 L=2(5.3+4.
m3
19.20
0.9
0.3
B
H
(m) (m)
Remark
Work
for
C.C.(1:2:4) bed for

foundation
3)=19.2m
5.184
L=4.30.450.45=3.4m
55

Centre Line Method
Unit
No.
L
(m)
B
(m)
H
(m)
a) 0.6m wall width
m3
19.20
0.6
0.5
5.76
B0.45 wall width
m3
19.20 0.45
0.6
5.184
S
Particulars of item
No.
3.
R.R. Masonry in CM
(1:6) under D.P.C.
10.944
m3
Total
4.
Remark
Brick masonry with

CM
(1:6)
above
D.P.C.
a) Walls 0.3m width
m3
19.20
0.3
17.28
b) For parapet wall
m3
19.6
0.2
0.75
2.94
Total
20.22
m3
L=2(5.4+4.4)
= 19.6m
56

Centre Line Method
S
No.
Particulars of item
No.
L
(m)
B
(m)
H
(m)
Remark

a) Doors
m3
0.30
2.1
0.63
b) Windows
m3
1.5
0.30
1.2
1.62
c)Lintel over doors
m3
1.5
0.3
0.25
0.113
d)Lintels over
windows
m3
2.0
0.3
0.25
0.45
Total
-2.813
Net Brick Masonry = 20.22 2.813 =

5.
17.7407
m3
R.C.C. (1:2:4) for

a) Roof slab
m3
5.6
4.6
0.15
3.864
b) Doors
m3
1.5
0.3
0.25
0.113
c) Windows
m3
2.0
0.3
0.25
0.45
19.2
0.3
0.3
1.728
57

Centre Line Method
S
No.
Particulars of item
Unit
No.
o.
L
(m)
B
(m)
H
(m)
6.
m3
4.85
3.85
0.6
11.204
7.
m3
4.85
3.85
0.1
1.867
8.
m2
5.0
4.0
20
9.
Plastering with CM
(1:3)for super structure
m2
18
3.25
58.5
L=2(5+4) =18m
m2
20.4
4.4
89.76
L=2(5.6+4.6)=
20.4m
H=0.2+3.0+0.3+0.
15+0.75=3.9m
(up to parapet
58
wall)
Remark
L=5.3-0.2250.225=4.85m
L=4.3-0.2250.225=3.85m
a)Inside
For walls
b) Out side
i) For walls

Centre Line Method
S
No.
Particulars of item
Unit
No.
o.
L
(m)
B
(m)
H
(m)
ii) 0.45m wall width
m2
21
0.6
12.6
L=2(5.75+4.75)
=21m
iii) Top of 0.45m wall

width
m2
20.7
0.075
1.553
L=2(5.675+4.
675)=20.7m
c) Plastering for celling
m2
5.0
4.0
20
Inside
m2
18.8
0.75
14.1
L=2(5.2+4.2)=1
18.8m
ii) top
M2
19.6
0.2
3.92
L=2(5.4+4.4)=1
19.6m
Remark
d) Parapet wall
Total
200.433
m2
59

Centre Line Method
S
No.
Unit
No.
o.
L
(m)
B
(m)
H
(m)
i) out side
m2
2.1
2.1
ii)Inside
m2
2.05
2.05
b) Windows
m2
1.5
1.2
10.8
Particulars of item
Remark
Deductions for opening

a) Doors
Total
14.95
m2
60

S
No.
Unit
No.
o.
L
(m)
B
(m)
H
(m)
i)Doors sides
(outside)
m2
2.1
0.12
0.504
i)Doors sides (inside)
m2
2.05
0.12
0.492
ii)Doors Top
m2
0.12
0.24
iii)Windows Top &

Bottom
m2
5.4
0.12
3.888
Particulars of item
Remark

and windows
Total
L=2(1.5+1.2)=5.4m
5.124m2
190.607
m2
61

Centre Line Method
S
No.
Particulars of item
Unit
No.
o.
10

as quantity of
plastering for walls
and Ceiling)
m2
11
Supply & Fixing of

best
type for
m2
5.0
4.0
20
a) Doors
m2.
2.1
2.1
b) Window
m2
1.5
1.2
5.4
D.P.C. 10 cm height
m3
19.2
0.3
0.2
1.152
m3.
1.0
0.3
0.1
-0.03
12
Net D.P.C=1.152-0.03
L
(m)
B
(m)
H
(m)
Remark
190.607
1.122
m3
62

Centre Line Method
S
No.
Particulars of item
Unit
No.
o.
L
(m)
B
(m)
H
(m)
13
m.l
18
18
m3.
0.76
-0.76
Net D.P.C=18-0.76
Remark
L=1-0.120.12=0.76m
13.68
m
63
Abstract estimate of single roomed building (load bearing structure)
Item
No.
Quantity
Unit
Rate
$
Amount
1.
Earth work excavation
2.
Cement concrete(1:2:4) for

foundation
13.824
5.184
m3
m3
1.0
50
13.824
259.20
3.
4.
5.
R.R. masonry in C.M.(1:6)
10.944
11.204
17.741
m3
m3
m3
75
1.5
60
820.8
16.806
1064.46
6.
R.C.C. (1:2:4) for slabs, lintels,

beams etc.
6.155
m3
120
738.6
7.
Cement concrete (1:3:6)

for flooring
1.867
m3
50
93.35
8.
13.68
m.l
10
136.8
9.
Supplying and fixing of wooden

Door
2.1
m2
150
315
Filling in basement
Brick masonry in country
bricks of standard size in
CM(1:6)
64

Item
No.
10.
Supplying and fixing

aluminum windows
11.
Plastering with CM (1:3)
12.
Cement Painting
14
D.P.C.
13.
of
Quantity
Unit
Rate
$
Amount
5.4
m2
70
378
190.607
190.607
m2
m2
10
1906.07
381.21
4
1.122
m3
100
112.2
20
m2
20
400
Total
6636.3
24
Provision for water supply

and sanitary
[email protected]%
6636.324*12.5/100
829.54
1
Provision for electrification

@7.5%
6636.324*7.5/100
497.72
4
Provision for unforeseen

items 2%
6636.324*2/100
132.72
6
Provision for P.s. and

contingencies @4%
6636.324*4/100
265.45
65
3

Example :2 :-From the given figure below calculate the details and abstract
estimate for the double roomed building (Load bearing type structure) by
a) long wall & short wall method
b) Centre Line Method
66
67
68

S
Particulars of item
No.
1.
Earth
excavation
foundation
a) Long Walls
Unit
No.
o.
L
(m)
B
H
(m) (m)
m3
8.6
1.0
Remark
Work
for
1.05
18.06
L=7.6+0.5+
0.5=8.6 m
D=0.2+0.4+
0.45=1.05m
b) Short Walls
m3
Total
5.3
1.0
1.05
16.695
L=4.3-0.450.45=3.4m
34.755
m3
69

S
Particulars of item
No.
2.
3.
Unit
No.
o.
L
(m)
B
H
(m) (m)
a) Long Walls
m3
8.6
1.0
0.2
3.44
b) Short Walls
m3
5.3
1.0
0.2
3.18
Remark

foundation
R.R. Masonry in CM
(1:6) under D.P.C.
6.62 m3
Total
a) 0.85m width
i) Long Walls
m3
8.45
0.85 0.4
5.745
L=7.6+0.425+0
.425=8.45m
ii) Short Walls
m3
5.45
0.85 0.4
5.559
L=6.3-0.4250.425=5.45m
Total
11.304
m3
70

Unit
No.
o.
L
(m)
B
H
(m) (m)
i) Long Walls
m3
8.2
0.6
0.45
4.428
L=7.6+0.3+0.3
=8.20m
ii) Short Walls
m3
5.70
0.6
0.45
4.617
L=6.3-0.30.3=5.7m
S
Particulars of item
No.
Remark
b) 0.60 m width
Total
9.045 m3
b) 0.40 m width
i) Long Walls
m3
8.0
0.40 0.4
2.56
L=7.6+0.2+0.2
=8.0m
ii) Short Walls
m3
5.9
0.40 0.4
2.832
L=6.3-0.20.2=5.9m
Total
Total R.R. Masonry Under
D.P.C.=11.304+9.045+5.392 =
5.392 m3
25.7
41
71

S
No.
Particulars of item
Unit
No.
L
(m)
B
(m)
H
(m)
4.
Brick masonry with

CM (1:6) for super
structure
Remark
a) Long Walls
m3
7.9
0.30
14.22
L=7.6+0.15+0.15=
7.9m
b) Short Walls
m3
6.0
0.30
16.2
L=6.3-0.150.15=6.0m
i) Long Walls
m3
8.9
0.20
0.70
2.492
L=7.6+0.15+0.5+0.
15+0.5=8.9m
ii) Short Walls
m3
7.2
0.20
0.70
2.016
L=6.3+0.15+0.3+0.
15+0.3=7.2m
c) for parapet wall
Total
34.928 m3
72

S
No.
Particulars of item
No.
L
(m)
B
(m)
H
(m)
Remark

a) Doors
m3
0.30
2.1
1.89
b) Windows
m3
1.5
0.30
1.2
1.62
c)Lintel over doors
m3
1.5
0.3
0.25
0.338
d)Lintels over windows
m3
2.0
0.3
0.25
0.45
Total
-4.298
30.63 m3

5.
R.C.C. (1:2:4) for

a) Roof slab
m3
8.9
7.6
0.15
10.146
L=7.6+0.65+0.65=8.9m
b) Doors
m3
1.5
0.3
0.25
0.338
L=6.3+0.65+0.65=7.6m
c) Windows
m3
2.0
0.3
0.25
0.45
73

Unit
No.
o.
L
(m)
B
(m)
H
(m)
a)Room 1
m3
5.9
3.90
0.375
8.629
b)Room 2
m3
5.9
2.90
0.375
6.416
S
No.
Particulars of item
6.
Total
7.
15.045m3

a)Room 1
m3
6.0
4.0
0.1
2.4
b)Room 2
m3
6.0
3.0
0.1
1.8
Total
8.
Remark
4.2m3

a)Room 1
m2
6.0
4.0
24
b)Room 2
m2
6.0
3.0
18
c) Addition for Doors
1.0
0.3
0.9
74

Unit
No.
o.
L
(m)
B
(m)
H
(m)
Remark
i)Walls
m2
20
3.25
65
L=2(6+4) =20m
ii) Slab ceiling
m2
24
i)Walls
m2
18
3.25
58.5
ii) Slab ceiling
m2
18
S
No.
Particulars of item
9.
Gypsum Plastering for

inside
a)Room1
H=0.05+3.0+0.30.1(skirting)
=3.3m
b) Room2
Total
165.5
m2
L=2(6+3)=18m
H=0.1+3.0+0.30.1(skirting)
=3.3m
75

S
No.
Unit
No.
o.
L
(m)
B
(m)
H
(m)
i) Doors
m2
1.0
2.0
-6.0
ii) Windows
m2
1.5
1.2
-5.4
Particulars of item
Remark
C) Deductions for opening
Total
-11.4m2

and windows
i)Doors -sides
m2
0.12
0.96
ii)Doors Top
m2
0.12
0.48
iii)Windows Top &

Bottom
m2
5.4
0.12
1.944
Total
L=2(1.5+1.2)=5.4m
3.384
m2
157.484
m2
76

S
No.
Particulars of item
10
Cement Plastering
a)Outside
i)
Unit
No.
o.
L
(m)
B
(m)
H
(m)
For wall 0.3m width
Remark
H=0.3+3.0+0.2
=3.5m
-Long Side
m2
7.9
3.5
55.3
-Short Side
m2
6.6
3.5
46.2
ii) For wall 0.4m width
m2
29.4
0.4
11.76
-Long Side
m2
8.0
0.05
0.8
-Short Side
m2
6.6
0.05
0.66
Long side
m2
8.9
0.5
8.9
Short side
m2
6.6
0.5
6.6
L=2(8+6.7)
=29.4m
ii) Top of wall 0.4m width
iii) Slab ceiling
77

S
No.
Unit
No.
o.
L
(m)
B
(m)
H
(m)
i) Doors
m2
1.0
2.1
-4.2
ii) Windows
m2
1.5
1.2
-5.4
Particulars of item
Remark
b) Deductions for opening
Total
-9.6m2
c) Addition around doors

and windows
i)Doors -sides
m2
2.1
0.12
0.504
ii)Doors Top
m2
0.12
0.24
iii)Windows Top &

Bottom
m2
5.4
0.12
1.944
Total
L=2(1.5+1.2)=5.4m
2.688
m2
78

S
No.
Unit
No.
o.
L
(m)
B
(m)
H
(m)
i)Out side
m2
33
0.70
23.1
L=2(8.9+7.6)=33
ii)Inside
m2
31.4
0.7
21.98
L=2(8.5+7.2)
=31.4m
-Long wall
m2
8.9
0.2
3.56
-Short Wall
m2
7.2
0.2
2.88
Particulars of item
Remark
d) Parapet wall
iii) top
Total
Net Plastering = 130.22 9.6+2.688+51.52=
51.52
m2
174.828
m2
79

S
No.
Particulars of item
Unit
No.
o.
11
Inside Painting (Same

as quantity of gypsum
plastering )
m2
157.484
12

as quantity of cement
plastering )
m2
174.828
13
Supply & Fixing of

best
type for
a) Wooden Doors
m2.
2.1
2.1
b) Out side door
m2.
2.1
4.2
b) Window
m2
1.5
1.2
5.4
L
(m)
B
(m)
H
(m)
Remark
80

Unit
No.
o.
L
(m)
B
(m)
H
(m)
i) Long wall
m3.
7.9
0.30
4.74
ii)Short wall
m3.
6.0
0.30
5.4
S
No.
Particulars of item
14
D.P.C. 0.2m height
Remark
a) Walls
Total
m3.
10.14
m2
3
Net D.P.C=12.5-0.9
1.0
0.3
-0.9
9.24
m2
81

Centre Line Method
Unit
No.
o.
L
(m)
B
(m)
H
(m)
i)Long walls
m.l.
24
ii)Short walls
m.l.
m.l.
m.l
0.76
-3.04
S
No.
Particulars of item
15
Skirting. 0.1m height
Remark
a) Walls
Net D.P.C=
34.96
m.l
82

Centre Line Method
83

Centre Line Method
NOTES (For center line method when the Lengths are calculated must be
consider the following notes)
-For All L- junctions not need for deduction
-For All T-junctions the deductions must applied
=1/2*(No. of T-junctions)* (the thickness of wall at the junction)
-For All I-junctions the deductions must applied
=(No. of T-junctions)* (the thickness of wall at the junction)
84

Centre Line Method
L=2(4.3+3.3+6.3) *2*(
S
Particulars of item
No.
Unit
No.
o.
L
(m)
B
H
(m) (m)
1.
Earth
excavation
foundation
Work
for
m3
33.1
1.0
1.05
34.755
2.

foundation
m3
33.1
1.0
0.2
6.62
3.
R.R. Masonry in CM
(1:6) under D.P.C.
a) 0.85m width
m3
33.25 0.85 0.4 11.305
b) 0.60m width
m3
33.5
0.60
0.45
9.045
Remark
L=2(4.3+3.3)+
3*6.3)
*2*(1)=33.1
m
L=2(4.3+3.3)+
3*6.3)
*2*(0.85)=33.
25m
L=2(4.3+3.3)+
3*6.3)
*2*(0.6)=33.5
m
85

Centre Line Method
S
Particulars of item
No.
c) 0.40 m width
Unit
No.
o.
L
(m)
B
H
(m) (m)
m3
33.7
0.40
0.40
Total R.R. Masonry Under

D.P.C.=11.304+9.045+5.392 =
4.
Q
5.392
Remark
L=2(4.3+3.3)+
3*6.3)
*2*(0.4)=33.7
m
25.7
41
m3
Brick masonry with

CM (1:6) for super
structure
a) Wall above D.P.C
m3
33.8
0.30
b) for parapet wall
m3
32.2
0.20 0.7
Total
30.42
L=2(4.3+3.3)+
3*6.3)
*2*(0.3)=33.8
m
4.508
L=2(8.7+7.4)=
32.2m
34.928
m3
86

Centre Line Method
S
No.
Particulars of item
No.
L
(m)
B
(m)
H
(m)
Remark

a) Doors
m3
0.30
2.1
1.89
b) Windows
m3
1.5
0.30
1.2
1.62
c)Lintel over doors
m3
1.5
0.3
0.25
0.338
d)Lintels over
windows
m3
2.0
0.3
0.25
0.45
Total
-4.298

5.
30.63 m3
R.C.C. (1:2:4) for

a) Roof slab
m3
8.9
7.6
0.15
10.146
L=7.6+0.65+0.65=8.9m
W=6.3+0.65+0.65=7.6m
b) Doors
m3
1.5
0.3
0.25
0.338
c) Windows
m3
2.0
0.3
0.25
0.45
87

Centre Line Method
Unit
No.
o.
L
(m)
B
(m)
H
(m)
a)Room 1
m3
5.9
3.90
0.375
8.629
b)Room 2
m3
5.9
2.90
0.375
6.416
S
No.
Particulars of item
6.
Total
7.
15.045m3

a)Room 1
m3
6.0
4.0
0.1
2.4
b)Room 2
m3
6.0
3.0
0.1
1.8
Total
8.
Remark
4.2m3

a)Room 1
m2
6.0
4.0
24
b)Room 2
m2
6.0
3.0
18
c) Addition for Doors
1.0
0.3
0.9
88

Centre Line Method
Unit
No.
o.
L
(m)
B
(m)
H
(m)
Remark
i)Walls
m2
20
3.25
65
L=2(6+4) =20m
ii) Slab ceiling
m2
24
i)Walls
m2
18
3.25
58.5
ii) Slab ceiling
m2
18
S
No.
Particulars of item
9.
Gypsum Plastering for

inside
a)Room1
H=0.1+3.0+0.30.05(skirting)
=3.25m
b) Room2
Total
L=2(6+3)=18m
165.5
m2
89

Centre Line Method
S
No.
Unit
No.
o.
L
(m)
B
(m)
H
(m)
i) Doors
m2
1.0
2.0
-6.0
ii) Windows
m2
1.5
1.2
-5.4
Particulars of item
Remark
C) Deductions for opening
Total
-11.4m2

and windows
i)Doors -sides
m2
0.12
0.96
ii)Doors Top
m2
0.12
0.48
iii)Windows Top &

Bottom
m2
5.4
0.12
1.944
Total
L=2(1.5+1.2)=5.4m
3.384
m2
157.484
m2
90

Centre Line Method
Unit
No.
o.
L
(m)
B
(m)
H
(m)
m2
29
3.5
101.5
L=2(7.9+6.6)=2
9m
H=0.3+3.0+0.2
=3.5m
ii) For wall 0.4m width
m2
29.4
0.4
11.76
L=2(8+6.7)
=29.4m
ii) Top of wall 0.4m width
m2
29.2
0.0
5
1.46
L=2(7.95+6.65)
=29.2m
iii) Slab ceiling
m2
31
0.5
15.5
L=2(8.4+7.1)=3
1m
S
No.
Particulars of item
10
Cement Plastering
a)Outside
i)
For wall 0.3m width
Total
Remark
130.22
m2
91

Centre Line Method
S
No.
Unit
No.
o.
L
(m)
B
(m)
H
(m)
i) Doors
m2
1.0
2.1
-4.2
ii) Windows
m2
1.5
1.2
-5.4
Particulars of item
Remark
b) Deductions for opening
Total
-9.6m2
c) Addition around doors

and windows
i)Doors -sides
m2
2.1
0.12
0.504
ii)Doors Top
m2
0.12
0.24
iii)Windows Top &

Bottom
m2
5.4
0.12
1.944
Total
L=2(1.5+1.2)=5.4m
2.688
m2
92

Centre Line Method
S
No.
Unit
No.
o.
L
(m)
B
(m)
H
(m)
i)Out side
m2
33
0.70
23.1
L=2(8.9+7.6)=33
ii)Inside
m2
31.4
0.7
21.98
L=2(8.5+7.2)
=31.4m
iii) top
m2
32.2
0.2
Particulars of item
Remark
d) Parapet wall
Total
Net Plastering = 130.22 9.6+2.688+51.52=
6.44
51.52
m2
174.828
m2
93

Centre Line Method
S
No.
Particulars of item
Unit
No.
o.
11
Inside Painting (Same

as quantity of gypsum
plastering )
m2
157.484
12

as quantity of cement
plastering )
m2
174.828
13
Supply & Fixing of

best
type for
m2
5.0
4.0
20
a) Wooden Doors
m2.
2.1
2.1
b) Out side door
m2.
2.1
4.2
b) Window
m2
1.5
1.2
5.4
L
(m)
B
(m)
H
(m)
Remark
94

Centre Line Method
Unit
No.
o.
L
(m)
B
(m)
H
(m)
a) Walls
m3.
33.8
0.30
0.2
2.028
m3.
1.0
0.3
0.2
-0.18
S
No.
Particulars of item
14
D.P.C. 0.2m height
Net D.P.C=12.5-0.9
15
Remark
1.848
m3
Skirting. 0.1m height

a) Walls
m.l.
38
38
m.l
0.76
-3.04
Net D.P.C=12.5-0.9
L=2(6+4)+2(6+
3)=38m
34.96
m.l
95
Abstract estimate of two roomed building (Load bearing type structure))
Item
No.
Quantity
Unit
Rate
$
Amount
1.
Earth work excavation
34.755
2.
Cement concrete(1:2:4) for

foundation
6.62
m3
m3
1.0
50
34.755
331
3.
4.
5.
6.
R.R. masonry wall under D.P.C.
25.741
15.045
30.63
13.976
m3
m3
m3
m3
75
1.5
60
120
1930.575
22.568
1837.8
1677.12
7.
Cement concrete (1:3:6)

for flooring
4.2
m3
50
210
8.
34.96
m.l
10
349.6
9.
10.
Supplying and fixing of n Doors
6.3
Gypsum plastering
157.484
11.
Inside Painting
157.484
m2
m2
m2
150
5
2
945
787.42
96
314.968
Filling in basement
Masonry wall above D.P.C.
R.C.C. (1:2:4) for slabs, lintels,
beams etc.

Item
No.
12.
Supplying and fixing

aluminum windows
13.
Cement Plastering
14.
Cement Painting
15
D.P.C.
16.
of
Quantity
Unit
Rate
$
Amount
5.4
m2
70
378
174.828
174.828
m2
m2
10
1748.28
349.65
6
1.848
m3
100
184.8
42.9
m2
20
858
$11959.5
Total
42
Provision for water supply

and sanitary
[email protected]%
11959.542*12.5/100
1494.9
43
Provision for electrification

@7.5%
11959.542*7.5/100
896.96
6
Provision for unforeseen

items 2%
11959.542*2/100
239.19
1
Provision for P.s. and

contingencies @4%
11959.542*4/100
478.38
97
2

Example :2 :-From the given figure below calculate the details and abstract
estimate for the double roomed building (Load bearing type structure) by
b) Centre Line Method
98
99
100
101
102
103
104
105
106
107
108
109
5. ANALYSIS OF RATES
Definition : In order to determine the rate of a particular item, the factors
affecting the rate of that item are studied carefully and then finally a rate is
decided for that item. This process of determining the rates of an item is termed as
analysis of rates or rate analysis.
The rates of particular item of work depends on the following.
1. Specifications of works and material about their quality, proportion and
constructional operation method.
2. Quantity of materials and their costs.
3. Cost of labors and their wages.
4. Location of site of work and the distances from source and conveyance charges.
5. Overhead and establishment charges
6. Profit
110
Cost of materials at source and at site of construction.
The costs of materials are taken as delivered at site inclusive of the transport local
taxes and other charges.
Purpose of Analysis of rates:
1. To work out the actual cost of per unit of the items.
2. To work out the economical use of materials and processes in completing the
particulars item.
3. To work out the cost of extra items which are not provided in the contract bond,
but are to be done as per the directions of the department.
4. To revise the schedule of rates due to increase in the cost of material and labour
or due to change in technique.
111
Cost of labour -types of labour, standard schedule of rates
The labour can be classified in to
1) Skilled 1st class
2) Skilled 2nd Class
3) un skilled
The labour charges can be obtained from the standard schedule of rates 30% of the
skilled labour provided in the data may be taken as Ist class, remaining 70% as 2nd
class. The rates of materials for Government works are fixed bythe superintendent
Engineer for his circle every year and approved by the Board
of Chief Engineers. These rates are incorporated in the standard schedule of
rates
112
Lead statement: The distance between the source of availability of material and
construction site is known as "Lead " and is expected in Km. The cost of
conveyance of material depends on lead.
This statement will give the total cost of materials per unit item. It includes first
cost, conveyance loading, unloading stacking, charges etc.
The rate shown in the lead statement are for metaled road and include loading
and staking charges . The environment lead on the metaled roads are arrived by
multiplying by a factor
a) for metal tracks - lead x 1.0
b) For cartze tracks - Lead x 1.1
c) For Sandy tracks - lead x 1.4
Note: For 1m3 wet concrete = 1.52m3 dry concrete approximately
SP.Wt of concrete= 1440 kg/m3 (or) 1.44 t/m3
1 bag of cement = 50 Kg
Note: For 1m3 wet mortar (cement & sand) = 1.33m3 dry mortar
approximately
113
Estimation of Materials
-Bricks Dimension 7X11X23 CM After construction laying 88X12X24 FOR
1cm of mortar
Number of bricks for 1 m3 = 1/(0.08*0.12*0.24)=434.02~435
-Concrete Block Dimension 10X20X40 CM After construction laying
10X21X41 FOR 1cm of mortar
-Concrete Block Dimension 20X20X40 CM After construction laying
-Mortar in 1m3 of concrete block works using 20x20x40 cm
No. of blocks= 59 block
Net volume of blocks = 58*0.2*0.2*0.4=0.944 m 3
Volume of mortar=1=0.944=0.056 m 3
114
Estimation of Materials
-Mortar in 1m3 of brick works No. of bricks= 435 bricks
Net volume of bricks = 435*0.07*0.11*0.23=0.7704 m 3
Volume of mortar=1=0.7704=0.2296 m3
115
65.66 bags
116
Example 2:- Calculate the quantity of materials for the following items.
a) C.M. (1:4) for 1m3 of work
b) CM (1:6) for 1m3 of work
Quantity of Cement required = 1/(1+4) *1* 1.33=0.266m3 *1440/50=7.66 bags
Quantity of Sand required = 4/(1+4) *1* 1.33=1.064m3
Example 3:-Calculate the Quantity of Cement required in bags for the
following items.
a) For 15 cum of concrete blocks (0.2x0.2x0.4) using (1:3) cement mortar
b) RCC (1:2:4) for 20m3 of work
a) Concrete Block Dimension 20X20X40 CM After construction laying
Number of bricks for 15 m3 = 15/(0.2*0.21*0.41)=871.08 ~ 872
Net volume of blocks = 872*0.2*0.2*0.4=13.952 m3
Volume of mortar=15-13.952=1.048 m3
Quantity of Cement required = 1.048/(1+3) *1* 1.33=0.3485m3 *1440/50=10.04 bags
b) Cement required f0r 20 m3 =1/(1+2+4)*1.52*20=4.343m3*1440/50=125 .07

117
bags
Example 4:-Calculate the quantity of Cement required in bags for the following
items of
work.
a) C.C. (1:4:8) using 40mm HBG metals for 30m3of work
b) RR masonry in CM(1:5) very 0.34m3 of CM for 1m3 of masonry for 20m of
work
Hand Broken Grade Metal is simply Known as "HBG" Metal
sol :
a) Quantity of Cement required = 1/(1+4+8) *1.52*30=3.508m3 *1440/50=101 bag
b) 1m3 of RR masonry = 0.34m3 of CM (1:5)
20 m3 of RR masonry required = 20x 0.34=6.8m3
Quantity of cement required = 1/(1+5)*1.33*6.8*1440/50=43.41 bags
118
119
120
Example 7:- Prepare a data sheet &calculate the cost of the following items of
works:
a) Plastering with cement mortar (1:4), 20
mm thick unit-10m2
0.21m3 C.M. (1:4)
0.66 Nos. Brick layer I class
1.54 Nos. Brick layer II Class
0.5 No.s Men Mazdoors
3.2 Nos. Women mazdoors
L.S. Sundries.
121
6-REINFORCEMENT QUANTITY ESTIMATION
For estimating the cost of the structure, it is necessary for the

quantities of the materials, including those of the reinforcement to
be known. Accurate quantities of the concrete and brickwork can
be calculated from the layout drawings. The steel used inside the
reinforced concrete, is generally in the form of round rebars with a
usual diameter ranging from 8 up to 25. In the market it is
available in the form of straight bars 12 m long and in the form of
coils weighting around 1.5 to 3.0 tones.
122
Reinforcement covering
The reinforcement covering is required for the following reasons:

a. Protection of reinforcement from corrosion (rusting).
b. The need for adequate adhesion between the steel and
concrete.
c. Fire protection: the concrete that covers reinforcement protects
it from deformations caused by the development of high
temperatures due to fire in the building.
d. The need to create cable and pipe channels without harming.
The reinforcement generally coverings secured by the use of plastic
spacers .
124
Stirrups :
The most complex, hard and time consuming part of the
reinforcement implementation is the placement of stirrups. In the
duration of this process a large amount of time is being spent and
the biggest mistakes are being made.
125
Types of steel reinforcement :

According to diameters
126
Columns:
127
Lap-splices in
columns
Lap-splices in columns 50 *
Diameters of bares
Over lap of reinforcement 50 *
128
129
nchoring the reinforcement
(a) hooks bent at

180
(b) hooks bent at

90
130
Shear
walls
131
Beams
132
Slabs
133
Staircases
134
Foundation
135
Example 1 :
Foundation, find the
reinforcement hook
= 10
136
Clear length = 1200 2 * cover

= 1200 2 * 50 = 1100 mm
Spacing = ( clear / spacing between two bar )
= 1100 / 100 = 11 spaces
No. of bare for two direction = 11 + 1 = 12 bars
Weigh
t Kg
Weigh
t kg /m
Total
Length
m
28.62
0.89
32.16
3.916
0.89
4.4
Length in m
1100+2*10*12=13
40mm=1.34m
1100mm=1.1
m
No
.
Shape
Dia.
mm
.No
24
12
12
137
Example 2 : Foundation, find the

reinforcement end cover = 50mm , hook
= 10
138
ar length = 2000 2 * cover

= 2000 2 * 50 = 1900 mm
acing top layer = ( clear / spacing between two bar )

= 1900 / 150 = 12.7 13 spaces
of bare for two direction = 13 + 1 = 14 bars
acing bottom layer = 1900/100 = 19 spaces

of bare for two direction = 19+1= 20 bars
Weigh
t Kg
Weigh
t kg /m
Total
Length
m
Length in m
47.35
0.89
53.2
1900mm=1.9m
13.53
0.89
15.2
76.184
0.89
85.6
No
.
Shape
Dia.
mm
.No
28
12
1.9
12
1900+2*10*12=21
40mm=2.14m
40
12
139
Home Work 1: Foundation, find the

reinforcement
140
Example 3 : Foundation, find the

reinforcement cover = 25mm , hook =
10 , Over Lap = 50
141
ear length = 3000 2 * cover

= 3000 2 * 25 = 2950 mm
. of Spaces= ( clear / spacing between two Stirrup )

= 2950 / 100 = 29.5 30 spaces
. of Stirrups= 30 + 1 = 31 bars
ngth of Stirrup = (30625+30625) = 248mm
Weigh
t Kg
Weigh
t kg /m
Total
Length
m
Length in m
No
.
Shape
39.712
2.482
16
2500+50+50
*20=4000m
m = 4m
20
24.153
1.589
15.2
2500+50+50
*16=3800m
m = 3.8m
16
19.20
0.397
48.36
350*4+2*10*8=1
560mm = 1.56m
31
14.178
0.397
35.71
248*4+2*10*8=1
31
Dia.
mm
.No
142
Home Work 2: Column, find the

reinforcement, cover = 25mm , hook =
10 , Over Lap = 50
143
Open
Channel
144
145
Example: a rectangular open channel length is

200m and height and width ( 1m * 1.5m ).
Thickness of concrete in 0.2m . Find quantity of
excavation and concrete ?
146

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What are the main components of an estimate?

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What are the different types of specifications mentioned?

What are the different types of specifications mentioned?

1.

2. MEASUREMENT OF MATERIALS AND WORKS

MEASUREMENT OF MATERIALS AND WORKS

2. Earthwork in filling in foundation trenches

3. Earth work in filling in plinth

1. Lime concert in foundation

2. Cement concrete in Lintels

4. C.C. or R.C.C., Sunshade

5. L.C. in roof terracing (thickness specified)

6. Cement concrete bed

7. R.C. Sunshade (Specified Width & High)

2. MEASUREMENT OF MATERIALS AND WORKS

Damp Proof Course (D.P.C)

2. Brick work in plinth

4. Thin partition walls

5. Brick work in arches

6. Reinforced brick work (R.B. Work)

3. Brick work in super structure

2. MEASUREMENT OF MATERIALS AND WORKS

2. Shutters of doors and windows (thickness

1. Steel reinforcement bars etc. in R.C.C. and

2. Bending, binding of steel Reinforcement

3. Rivets, bolts, & nuts, Anchor bolts, Lewis

VII Steel work

2. MEASUREMENT OF MATERIALS AND WORKS

1. R.C.C. and R.B. Slab roof (excluding steel)

2. L.C. roof over and inclusive of tiles or brick or

4. A.C. Sheet roofing

Plastering, points & finishing

2. MEASUREMENT OF MATERIALS AND WORKS

4. Distempering (number of coats specified)

1. 25mm cement concrete over 75mm lime

2. 25mm or 40mm C.C. floor

3. Doors and window sills (C.C. or cement

Rain water pipe /Plain pipe

2. MEASUREMENT OF MATERIALS AND WORKS

XII Steel wooden trusses

Glass panels (supply)

Fixing of glass panels or cleaning

2. MEASUREMENT OF MATERIALS AND WORKS

2. MEASUREMENT OF MATERIALS AND WORKS

2. MEASUREMENT OF MATERIALS AND WORKS

2. MEASUREMENT OF MATERIALS AND WORKS

Note:- All dimensions are in m

2. MEASUREMENT OF MATERIALS AND WORKS

2. MEASUREMENT OF MATERIALS AND WORKS

2. MEASUREMENT OF MATERIALS AND WORKS

C.C. (1:2:4) bed for

ii) Short Walls

2. MEASUREMENT OF MATERIALS AND WORKS

ii) Short Walls

a) Under D.P.C (0.45m

Total R.R. Masonry for footings and

2. MEASUREMENT OF MATERIALS AND WORKS

Brick masonry with