Slabstress tensioning Post systems for buildings 1) Be kee ooo yourssAoag] LISS, woo yedkay@ooes jew3 “WooryedKed, mn cay poselze xed 'Z/L098222 Ud Ou DE H-e-eze4 Aueipisqng dns |euonewieyul LANISSATYS PAH] aEALG YER PeOsOjUloyIntroduction \When Eugene Freyseinet developed and patented the technique of prestressing concrete in 1928, he ite realised the applications to which his invention would be Dut In future years, Freyssinet introduced the concent of ppost-tensioned buildings to the UKin the 1970s with the: launch of the Slabstress ayster. Since then thousands of square mates of suspended and ground bearing slabs hhave been completed utilising the ayctom for projects as verse ass * ontices + Car parks: ‘= Schools and universities + Shopping centres > Reservoirs + High bay distribution warehouses * Sports halls + Pharmaceutical and chemical facilities + Places of worship = Apartment buildings + Aiports ‘Technical assistance Freyssinat have an in-nouse design department stated by qualified engineers with experiance in post-tensioned ‘eullding desion. This team is happy to assist clients, architects, engineers and contractors with: * Scheme design + Budget estimate * Detailed design Vibration analysis of floor plates Working (shop) drawings Provision of method statements, specifications and risk assessments. 1. The Giteron, Piccasity 2. The Broach, Maennaad Site service FFreyssinet offer a ful supply and installation service Including: ‘+ Supply of post-tensioning materials, + Supply of reinforcement ‘+ Installation of post-tensioning and reinforcement + Strossing ‘+ Cutting off tendon surplus = Grouting ‘+ Forming and conereting slabs on grade. Quality assurance Freyesinet isa quality assured company to BS EN 1808001: 1994, Design, manufacture and site works are stictly controlled to ensure optimum sficioney and premium quailty: Adaitionally, Freyesinet is reaistoredi under the CARES post-tensioning acheme. Anchorage ere tested In accordance wth BS4447 “The performance of pprestrecsing anchorages for post-tensioned construction to ensue sate and reliable operation, iY |ZStructural solutions ‘Modern post-tensioning techniques produce thinner floors. fr larger spans that nead fewer supporting columns. ‘An advantage of thinner floors in tall buildings is that often mote storeys can be incorporated into @ bulaing height, than Ifthe structure were constructed using reinforced conerete, Large, uninterrupted oor spaces produce a buileing with increased versatiity because the space can bbe adapted to suit the needs of different types of occupier. Prastrescad concrete produces lighter structural members, resulling in reduced loadings being transferred to the foundations, with potential eavings in construction costs. “The post-tensioning process is @ highly economical way (668 Figure 6) of designing the floors and roofs of buildings such as mult-storey offices and apartments, ‘warehouses. car parks, shopping centres, reservoirs, hospitals and schools. Slab system “The action of ine prestressing tendon in a floor slab is to develop an Uplift Fore to counteract the downward thrust, cof the Imposed loads, with the result ofits dftection in the finished floor. The need to pre-camiber formwork, as fs often the case in construction of long floor spans, is usually eliminated, “The diagrams below lustrate some of the typical post-tensionad floor systems and thelr applications, Figure 1: Flat slab or plate “This type of sleb is generally used in apartment blocks, office buldings, car parks, hotels, etc, where spans are ‘similar in both directions. te construction is easy with very simple formwork and It allows considerable flexibility for locating builcing services. Figure 2: Flat slab with drop panel “The introduction of a drop panel at the column improves: shear resistance andi incrasses the etitness of the floor whilst maintaining the ease of construction of the flat slab. Figure 3: Waffle slab A very stiff structure, itis fecommended for heavy loads ‘spanning up to 20 metres, such as industrial buildings and airport terminals, Figure 4: Band beam and slab Usad in structures whers spans are predominantly in ‘one clrection. The continuous band beam is reletively \Wwide and shallow, reducing the overall depth of the floor vihile permitting longer spene, with a one way spanning ‘slab betwoen the beams. Figure 5: Ribbed slab ‘Avery compatitve sysiom when considering concrete volume and dead weight of the structure. Introducing ribs reduces the quantity of concrete and reinforcement {andi hance the weight of the floor. The formwork is more complicated but the use of a medular system wil ‘overcome this proolem. Figure 6: Cost comparison Reinforced vs post-tensioned concrete slab Figure 4Advantages of post-tensioning Cree nee) + Pewercourne—s wie Furey =) Mare Seta ore These rules c esity © ese een et tersler= eer eee beeen ectiore ey + Reaoad dona a Re ae se Connon beets + Shoe oma ‘ or aie Se diets Seu Table 1: Typical span to depth ratios for post-tensioned floors, 7 hese ratios are for mutinle spans. For sina gpane ada 159% t6 the dent Gecaeiee ae Tebtigpesed Sean death ratio Toa member eae Cae emg be EEE ener s oe: luce the depth of a Patsab win 25 45 Pyerreket ‘an 7 8 9 WH ww wm 1 1 7 te 19The bonded system ‘The bonded system comprises up to five strands that are contained within an oval duct wich, aller svessirg, ieinjectes wath cameant grout Te grou provides both tbond tothe structure and corrosion protection tothe ‘srands, The ducts easly profled abou ts weaker xs and ts at ross secton lous maermum use to be made ‘of te avaiable concrete section In design. Siabstrose bonded anchoeages are suitable fr sands produced te mostintematonaly scogptable standards. Rafer10 “Table 7 fer commorly sed sizes. Bonded tendons have the folowing features: + Higher ultimate strength than unborded + The anchorage I ess citical, long-term, as force transferred to the structure via bond ‘+ As several strands share a common anchorage, tho total anchorage size i ess; good for congested areas + Safor curing holo-cuting or demolition as high energy release is prevented by bond, Live (stressing) anchorage “Tho anchorage consist of @ cast on bearing platfguldo fend 8 igh strength, cast iron ancher black which contains tapered holes to take the roping wedges. A the time of casting the concrete, the guide's tked to ‘he se shutter witha engl bot and separstedtern the shutterby a plytyrene recess form. The bel hol in the tide iter covles 2 a rout inst point or atemnatvely a ‘greutiriet pont can be provided atthe top of the gue, ‘Aner tha bat shutter and recess ‘orn are removed, the or block and waeiges can be assembled to the guide Jee eveauing, Ary umber of stands tem ane to fve can be stressed independent, alowing a high degree of ‘text for paral stage sreesing. Note thatthe 5515 “anchorage uses five soparate barrals again a commen ‘tide, in place ofthe usual Dock: ‘Tha anchorage is designed and tasted fora minimum ‘concrete raneter strenat of 25 Nim, 998 Table 3. Bonded syst design paramters for both 13mm and ‘16mm options av gen bolw. ‘Wobtaator 200001 weoge oun em ‘Altar sessing, the stands are crappy a dso ‘utter to within 2arm oho wedge and a dry paces, sendicamnt mortar infil applied to the void. The grout inet ube, tweaded into the orginal bing hole, must be paced rice to the mortar appation. Bulb dead end anchorage “The and ofeach stands distorted ino @ bub using a Jack, Load ia ranstoned tothe concrete by the buits and ‘ve bond wth the stand. The end ofthe ducts sale to provent grout ngs, Corrosion protection. Freyssinet Limited were atthe forsent of develooment the improved grouting techriqu fr bridges spocifod In-TR47 and weve te rst compery to gan CARES accrediation for stressing ana grouting intra bended tendons. ia ful enospsuised tendon is requted then ‘laste ductng should be used with ive ana bind dea fend anchoragas complate with caps. Ths system can be pressute tstog porto concreting to very correct assemoby Pasic ducts not necessary avalable for al tondon sizes and Freysiet should be consuted in ‘hie mater. Plastic ducting s mora expensive than the standard gaharised stl and would normaly iy ba of interest mn very severe exposure condtionsBeemees (area) ‘Table 3: The range of bonded tendons using 13 or 15mm strands. Table 4: Anchorage sizes ~ bonded systemThe unbonded system ‘The unbonded system consists of individually greased and plastic coated strands. The grease inhibits corrosion, and prevents bond between the sheath and the strand Slabstress unbonded anchorages are suitable for strands, produced to most internationally acceptable standards. Refer to Table 7 for commonly used sizes. Unbonded tendons have the following features: ‘+ Often require conventional reinforcement to assist \with controlling crack widths and supplementing the ultimate resistance ‘+ Much more flexible than bonded tendons. Easily diverted around openings and other obstructions + Each strand is individually anchored, allowing anchors to be fanned out if necessary to avold obstructions: * Lower friction than bonded tendons + Quick to install as there ie no duct to fix or grout 10 inject. Live (stressing) anchorage The anchorage consists of a high strength iron casting, ‘with a tapered hole to take the gripping wedges. There isa tight-titing sealing sieeve at the back and a screwed- ‘on plastic grease cap at the front to fully seal ani protect, the wedges: Easy fixing to the shuttering ie obtained by a plastic manofel, which is sorewed to the casting and holds @ re-usable plastic racess form in position by means of a locking nut at the cutside of the form. A 45mm hole is required in the shutter to fic the anchorage assembly. “The striking proceciure involves removing the nut and shuttering and rotating the mandre! by means of a hand tool which fits into it, This rotation unserews the manciel ‘ram the casting and automatically releases the recess form, “The anchorage is designed for 15mm strand up to, 900 kN UTS, but can be adapted to take 13mm strand. Unbonded system design parameters for both 18mm and 115mm options are given below. ‘Undenedes ‘Webs factor k ‘.0030/m Friction factor j 0.06: Wedge pullin enm “The re-usable recess form is designed to give adequate, cover and allows the strand to be out by means of a disc cutter. The pocket shauld be filed with a ciry-sacked, sanc/cement mortar after the grease cap has been filed with grease and fixed. Unbonded dead end anchorage ‘The dead end anchorages are usually fitted to prefabricated tendons in the factory and are similer to the stressing anchorage. The mandrel, nut and acess former ‘aro not necessary. Unbonded intermediate anchorage ‘These anchoragas are used wher It is necessary to stress part af a tendon in advance ef the total tenath, This ecours in stage construction to faciltale formwork removal or prevent shrinkage cracking, The anchorage consists of a slotted bearing plate and fe tapered bartel which mosives the gripping wedoes: “The bara Is usually placad in its approximate position uring tendon fabrication and the slotted plate and ‘wedges fitted on site, The plats has two nail hoes for fing to a stop-and shutter I strassing is required at an intermediate anchorage, 400mm of the plastic sheathing on the jacking side of the plate should be removed temporarily and an open ‘throat GEM Jack used for the stressing. Corrosion protection Unbonded sirand cores pre-greased and plastic coated 10 FIP recommendations. The Siabstress unbonded anchorages are fully encapsulated against corrosion by means of a sealing sleeve that fits snugly against the strand, and a screw-on grease-flled cap that covers the: strand and jaws. These features are true of both the live and dead endseee asecBeater) Table 5: The range of unbonded tendons using 18 or 16mm strands SSeagoan i Table 6: Anchorage sizes ~ unbonded systemSlabs on grade Ground bearing slabs + Economic for slabs subject to heavy loadings, particularly on poor ground Enables pouring of large areas, saving in both joints and construction time Elimination of substantial foundations for slabs on poor subgrade Allows reduction in slab thickness, particularly for raft slabs Free of cracke and hence resistant to penetration ‘of moisture and aggressive chemicals “The joint and crack-free slabs are capable of meeting the severe loading and flatness criteria of modem high stacking systems with the minimum, of maintenance. Post-tensioned slabs on grade are frequently used for: ‘= High tolerance floors jn high bay warehouses: + Sports halls, = Pharmaceutical and chemical factories = Airport aprons Slabs on piles, Combines the strength and deflection benefits of suspended post-tensioned slabs with the crack ancl Joint-Rtee benofts of slaze on grade. Strand types ‘The table below gives the main characteristics of the most ‘common strands which may be used with the Slabstress range. The strand types comply with BS 5896: 1980. Table : Acceptable strand types Future alterations Holes in slabs ‘Tondons are usually spaced sufficiently far apart to allow holes of reasonable size to bo made later, without cutting through the tencions. Where larger openings are requited it may be necessary to cut tendons. When cutting holes the ettact on the slab should be assessed by a qualified engineer beforehand, Usually bonded tencions can be out with traditional methods. There will be a loss of force iocal to the cut and ‘90 trimmer beams around the hole may be necessary, When an unisended tendon la cut ft wil e-tension along its whole length. It will need to be re-stressed, usually from the face of the new hole. Freyssinet have successfully achieved this on several projects. Its possible to design slaiss with “soft! zones where future, penotratione can be cut without difficulty. Demolition In the case of post-tensioned structures using bonded tendons, demolition can be carried out using techniques similar to those used to 6emolish reinforced concrete structures. Whilst tendons are made from high tensile itand there is considerably less steel to cut and generally conerete sections will be thinner than comparable reinforoacl concrete structures, In the case of transfer slabs or beams which have been progressively stressed, extra precautions must be taken to avoid upward bursting of concrete as the self weight of the structure above is progressively removed. “The cutting of unbanded tenclons may result in the dramatic. collapse of a structure, but property considered can be sed to advantage, enabling rapid demolition of large: areas as the force in the supporting tendons is released, a ee a a a 15.2 Drawn 1820 152 165 1.295 soa 255 “Stretty apaniing this now common stan type i 15.7 eter and made tom higher grade (1860) ‘mater. ite commenly refered to 88 Euro strand anc complies general Winn BS SE56: 1980. Al sizes are eyaihnive as bonded er unbonded sand. Other strand types/sizes may be acomptabla, Plaase refer to Freyasinet Livited for clarifcsion,Construction details Stressing access Ss Note: Refer to Freyssinet it ee cae eto Petete ss Gro ssui6 ce Bo & ss15 s Poe re eee ee eee ieee Poem ee cg os otc esuenat Reduce ecet ad Ogee) Roenisse uso eee emer hcl) eee eer a Atm wide reinforced Goes om eu aca d Geter en Ree reed (until concreted). ean ene Roreceaiec cue ea om Peace etter Cee pccuehe