Gas Lift Presentation 1

CE-1: Gas Lift Products and
Gas Lift System Design
INSTRUCTOR :
Greg Stephenson
Schlumberger, 2001
COURSE INTRODUCTION
INTRODUCTIONS
CLASS AIMS
INSTRUCTOR AIMS
Insight into in-exact science
Informed questions
Understand limitations
Participate in design
Schlumberger, 2001
DAY 1
PRODUCED FLUID CONSTANT FLOW GAS LIFT WELL
FIRST THINGS FIRST.
PRESSURE (PSI)
FL
INJECTION GAS 0 1000 2000
0
O
WI
Course introduction
NG
TU
1000
BIN
Introduction to artificial lift CASING PRESSURE WHEN
G
WELL IS BEING GAS LIFTED
PR
Types of gas lift 2000
ES
SU
RE
Applications of continuous flow gas lift
DEPTH (FT TVD)
GR
3000
AD
IEN
Advantages & disadvantages of gas lift
OPERATING GAS LIFT VALVE
T
4000
Basic introduction to gas lift principles

5000
Continuous flow unloading sequence
Running and Pulling6000
Gas Lift Valves
SIBHP
7000
FBHP
Schlumberger, 2001
DAY 2
ALLPRODUCED
THE NUTSFLUID ANDCONSTANT
BOLTS. FLOW GAS LIFT WELL
PRESSURE (PSI)
FL
0
O
Running and pulling gas lift valves
WI
NG
TU
1000
Gas lift valve mechanics
BIN
CASING PRESSURE WHEN
G
PR
Gas lift valves and accessories
ES
2000
SU
RE
Gas lift mandrels, latches, kickover tools
DEPTH (FT TVD)
GR
3000
AD
Surface flow control equipment OPERATING GAS LIFT VALVE
IEN
T
4000
5000
6000
SIBHP
7000
FBHP
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DAY 3
PREPARE
PRODUCEDTO CONSTANT
DO GAS
FLUID FLOW GAS LIFT WELL
LIFT DESIGN!
PRESSURE (PSI)
FL
0
O
WI
Overview of inflow and outflow
NG
TU
1000
BIN
performance.
G
PR
ES
2000
SU
Natural gas laws applied to gas lift.
RE
DEPTH (FT TVD)
GR
3000
AD
Flowing gradient exercises.
IEN
T
4000
Overview of side-pocket accessories.

5000
6000
SIBHP
7000
FBHP
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DAY 4
GAS LIFT DESIGN AND TROUBLE-SHOOTING.
PRESSURE (PSI)
FL
0
O
WI
NG
Gas lift design methods.
TU
1000
BIN
G
IPO Gas lift design2000
PR
ES
SU
PPO Gas Lift Design
RE
DEPTH (FT TVD)
GR
3000
AD
Gas lift trouble-shooting techniques
IEN
T
4000
Course summary
5000
6000
SIBHP
7000
FBHP
Schlumberger, 2001
INTRODUCTION TO ARTIFICIAL LIFT
KEY LEARNING OBJECTIVES
UPON COMPLETION OF THIS SEGMENT, YOU SHOULD BE ABLE TO:
Name the 4 major forms of artificial lift.

Fully describe the operation of each.
Site at least 3 advantages and 3 disadvantages of each lift method.
Identify the most appropriate lift method for a given application.
Understand the business relevance of each lift method to
Schlumberger.
Schlumberger, 2001
TYPES OF ARTIFICIAL LIFT
Schlumberger, 2001
CHOOSING THE BEST LIFT METHOD
EXAMPLE
10-well field accessed from a small offshore platform.
Average production: 1800 bbls/D @ 10% water cut.
2-7/8 6.5# tubing x 7-in 29# casing
Dogleg: 5 degrees / 100 ft.
BHT = 300 deg. F, Anticipated FBHP of 500 psi
1 Safety Barrier (SCSSV)
It will not be necessary to access reservoir until re-completion.
Stable formation on primary recovery.
Fluid Viscosity = 50 cp, GOR = 500 scf/bbl, VLR = 0.07
Sand production = 15 ppm
Well produces scale, treated w/ inhibitor no other contaminants
Electric power generation using natural gas for fuel
All well service via workover rig and snubbing unit.
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OVERVIEW OF CONTINUOUS GAS LIFT
Describe the two different types of gas lift and where they are
applied.
List the surface and sub-surface components of a typical closed
rotative gas lift system.
Describe, in detail, the continuous unloading sequence.
Explain the purpose of unloading valves in a continuous gas lift
well.
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TYPES OF GAS LIFT
CONTINUOUS FLOW GAS LIFT
INTERMITTENT GAS LIFT
CONVENTIONAL & WIRELINE RETRIEVABLE

GAS LIFT EQUIPMENT
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APPLICATIONS OF CONTINUOUS FLOW GAS LIFT
TO ENABLE WELLS THAT WILL NOT FLOW NATURALLY TO PRODUCE
TO INCREASE PRODUCTION RATES IN FLOWING WELLS
TO UNLOAD A WELL THAT WILL LATER FLOW NATURALLY
TO REMOVE OR UNLOAD FLUID IN GAS WELLS
TO BACK FLOW SALT WATER DISPOSAL WELLS
TO LIFT AQUIFER WELLS
Schlumberger, 2001
ADVANTAGES OF GAS LIFT
Initial downhole equipment costs lower
low operational and maintenance cost
Simplified well completions
Flexibility - can handle rates from 10 to 50,000 bpd
Can best handle sand / gas / well deviation
Intervention relatively less expensive
Schlumberger, 2001
DISADVANTAGES OF GAS LIFT
Must have a source of gas

Imported from other fields
Produced gas - may result in start up problems
Possible high installation cost

Top sides modifications to existing platforms
Compressor installation
Limited by available reservoir pressure

and bottom hole flowing pressure
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PRESSURE (PSI)
0
FL
OW
ING
1000
TU
BI N
GP
RE
SS
2000
UR
EG
RA
DIE
3000
DEPTH (FT TVD)
NT
4000
5000
6000
SIBHP
7000
Schlumberger, 2001
FBHP
PRESSURE (PSI)
0 1000 2000
INJECTION GAS
0
FL
OW
IN
G
1000
TU
BI
NG
PR
2000
ES
SU
RE
GR
DEPTH (FT TVD)
AD
3000
IEN
T
4000
5000
OPERATING GAS LIFT
VALVE
6000
SIBHP
7000
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FBHP
CONTINUOUS FLOW
UNLOADING SEQUENCE
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TO SEPARATOR/STOCK TANK
INJECTION GAS
INJECTION GAS
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TO SEPARATOR/STOCK TANK TO SEPARATOR/STOCK TANK
INJECTION GAS INJECTION GAS
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INJECTION GAS
INJECTION GAS
PLUGGED
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PRODUCED FLUID
INJECTION GAS
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PRESSURE PSI
0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 6000 7000

INJECTION GAS
CHOKE CLOSED
2000
TOP VALVE OPEN

4000
CA
SI
N
G
TU
PR
BI
ES
6000
DEPTH FTTVD
NG
SU
SECOND VALVE
RE
PR
OPEN
E SS
UR
E
8000
THIRD VALVE
OPEN
10000
FOURTH VALVE
OPEN
12000
14000
TUBING PRESSURE
SIBHP
CASING PRESSURE
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PRESSURE PSI
0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 6000 7000
INJECTION GAS
CHOKE OPEN
2000
TOP VALVE OPEN 4000
6000
DEPTH FTTVD
SECOND VALVE
OPEN
8000
THIRD VALVE
OPEN
10000
FOURTH VALVE
OPEN 12000
14000
TUBING PRESSURE
SIBHP
CASING PRESSURE
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TO SEPARATOR/STOCK TANK PRESSURE PSI
0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 6000 7000
INJECTION GAS
CHOKE OPEN
2000
TOP VALVE OPEN 4000
6000
DEPTH FTTVD
SECOND VALVE
OPEN
8000
THIRD VALVE
OPEN
10000
FOURTH VALVE
OPEN 12000
14000
TUBING PRESSURE
SIBHP
CASING PRESSURE
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0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 6000 7000
INJECTION GAS
CHOKE OPEN
2000
TOP VALVE OPEN 4000
6000
DEPTH FTTVD
SECOND VALVE
OPEN
8000
THIRD VALVE
OPEN
10000
FOURTH VALVE
OPEN 12000
14000 DRAWDOWN
TUBING PRESSURE
CASING PRESSURE FBHP SIBHP
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0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 6000 7000
INJECTION GAS
CHOKE OPEN
2000
TOP VALVE OPEN 4000
6000
DEPTH FTTVD
SECOND VALVE
OPEN
8000
THIRD VALVE
OPEN
10000
FOURTH VALVE
OPEN 12000
14000
DRAWDOWN
TUBING PRESSURE
Schlumberger, 2001
0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 6000 7000
INJECTION GAS
CHOKE OPEN
2000
TOP VALVE CLOSED

4000
6000
DEPTH FTTVD
SECOND VALVE
OPEN
8000
THIRD VALVE
OPEN
10000
FOURTH VALVE
OPEN 12000
14000
DRAWDOWN
TUBING PRESSURE
Schlumberger, 2001
0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 6000 7000
INJECTION GAS
CHOKE OPEN
2000
4000
TOP VALVE CLOSED
6000
DEPTH FTTVD
SECOND VALVE
OPEN
8000
THIRD VALVE
OPEN
10000
FOURTH VALVE
OPEN
12000
14000
DRAWDOWN
TUBING PRESSURE
Schlumberger, 2001
0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 6000 7000
INJECTION GAS
CHOKE OPEN
2000
4000
TOP VALVE CLOSED
6000
DEPTH FTTVD
SECOND VALVE
CLOSED
8000
THIRD VALVE
OPEN
10000
FOURTH VALVE
12000
OPEN
14000 DRAWDOWN
TUBING PRESSURE
Schlumberger, 2001
FIGURE 3-8: Example of the Unloading Sequence
Casing Operated Valves and Choke Control of Injection Gas
2000
1800
1600
1400
1200
Pressure psi
1000
800
600
400
200
0
12:00AM 03:00AM 06:00AM 09:00AM 12:00PM 03:00PM 06:00PM
Time
PRESSURECASING PRESSURETUBING
Schlumberger, 2001
GAS LIFT WELL KICK-OFF
Unload well carefully
50 - 100 psi (3.5 bar) per 10 min
1 - 2 bbl per min
Maximize production choke opening
Gradually increase gas injection rate
Monitor well clean up and stability
Get to target position
Perform step rate production test
Optimize gas injection rate
Note - when unloading all valves open!
Schlumberger, 2001
RUNNING AND PULLING GAS LIFT VALVES
Explain the procedure for running and pulling gas lift valves from a
side pocket mandrel.
Describe the precautions that should be taken during running and
pulling operations.
Explain the operation of the OK series kickover tool.
Explain the operation of the BK-1 latch.
List and describe the different latch profiles available and explain
the importance of latch / pocket compatability.
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GAS LIFT VALVE CHANGEOUTS!
Methodical
Equalise pressure
Valve catcher
Latches
Running / pulling tools
Pressure tests
Experience
Risk
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KICKOVER TOOL
THE KICKOVER TOOL IS RUN ON WIRELINE AND USED TO PULL AND SET
GAS LIFT VALVES. THE ABILITY TO WIRELINE CHANGE-OUT GAS LIFT
VALVES GIVES GREAT FLEXIBILITY IN THE GAS LIFT DESIGN
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GAS LIFT VALVE LATCHES
Understand the purpose of a gas lift valve latch.

Identify key latch components.
Explain the operation of a latch.
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RK / BK LATCH
THERE ARE OTHER

LATCHES
1-1/2 RK
1-1/2 RA
1-1/2 RM
T2 LATCHES
1 BK
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END DAY 1
Schlumberger, 2001
DAY 2
ALLPRODUCED
THE NUTSFLUID ANDCONSTANT
BOLTS. FLOW GAS LIFT WELL
PRESSURE (PSI)
FL
0
O
Gas lift mandrels
WI
NG
TU
1000
Gas lift valve mechanics
BIN
G
PR
Gas lift valves and accessories
ES
2000
SU
RE
Surface flow control3000equipment
DEPTH (FT TVD)
GR
AD
IEN
T
4000
5000
6000
SIBHP
7000
FBHP
Schlumberger, 2001
GAS LIFT MANDRELS
Understand the features / benefits, operation and nomenclature of:

Orienting-style mandrels.
Non-orienting mandrels.
Conventional mandrels.
Identify and explain the purpose of key SPM components.
Describe how pressure rating is determined for SPMs.
Identify an appropriate SPM based on its nomenclature.
Explain advantages and disadvantages of oval / round GLMs.
Understand SPM manufacturing processes.
Schlumberger, 2001
GAS LIFT MANDRELS
SIDE POCKET
MANDRELS
CONVENTIONAL
MANDREL
Schlumberger, 2001
5 1/2 MMRG-4, 1 1/2 POCKET
ROUND MANDREL DESIGN CAMCO
Orienting Tool G Latch Polished

Sleeve Discriminator Lug Seal Bore
ENGINEERING DATA
PART NUMBER 05712-000-00001
SIZE 5 1/2
MAX O.D. 7.982
MIN I.D. 4.756
DRIFT I.D. 4.653
THREAD 17 LB/FT MANN BDS B x P
TEST PRESSURE INTERNAL 7740 PSI
TEST PRESSURE EXTERNAL 6280 PSI
LATCH TYPE RK, RK-1, RKP, RK-SP
KICKOVER TOOL OM-1, OM-1M, OM-1S
RUNNING TOOL RK-1 15079
PULLING TOOL 1 5/8 JDS 15155
MATERIAL 410 S.S., 13 CR 22 HRC MAX
TENSILE STRENGTH (EOEC) 490,000 LBS
CAMCO1996
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GAS LIFT MANDREL NOMENCLATURE
BASIC DESIGN FEATURES
KB 1ST IDENTIFIER 1"POCKET

M 1ST IDENTIFIER 1-1/2"POCKET
M 2ND IDENTIFIER OVAL BODY PIPE
M 3RD IDENTIFIER MACHINED POCKET W/TOOL DISCRIMINATOR
G TOOL DISCRIMNINATOR AND ORIENTING SLEEVE
R CAMCO DESIGN - ROUND BODY PIPE
T TRUGUIDE DESIGN - ROUND BODY PIPE
A A POCKET PROFILE
U REDUCED O.D. AND I.D.
E STANDARD POCKET PORTING - BOTTOM EXHAUST
EC POCKET PORTED TO TUBING - BOTTOM EXHAUST
W WATERFLOOD
BASIC DESIGN VARIATIONS
2 SLIGHTLY REDUCED MAJ OR O.D.

3 SPECIAL THREADING CONSIDERATIONS
4 THREAD RECUTS
5 EXTERNAL GUARD DEVICES
7 SPECIAL INTERNAL MODIFICATIONS
8 SPECIAL POCKET MODIFICATION
9 BOTTOM LATCH ONLY
10 PLUGGABLE OR NO PORTS
LT SIDEPIPE POCKET PORTING

LTS SIDELUG TO ACCEPT INJ ECTION TUBE
V MULTIPLE POCKET
Schlumberger, 2001
GAS LIFT VALVES AND ACCESSORIES
Derive the formula for opening pressure based on knowledge of

valve mechanics and the force-balance equation.
Describe models, operation, features/benefits, pros and cons of:
Unloading Valves
Proportional Response Valves
Orifice Valves
NOVA Venturi Orifice Valves
Shear Orifice Valves
Dummy Valves
Equalizing Dummy Valves
Circulating Valves
Chemical Injection Valves
Waterflood Flow Regulator Valves
Reverse Flow Check Valves
Schlumberger, 2001
GASLIFTVALVEMECHANICS
Schlumberger, 2001
GAS LIFT VALVE MECHANICS
3 basic types of gas lift valve, each available in 1 & 1-1/2 sizes:
Dummy valves Orifice valves Unloading valves
Square edged Injection pressure (casing)

Venturi (nova) operated valves
production pressure (fluid)
operated valves
Throttling/proportional
response valves
Schlumberger, 2001
UNLOADING GAS LIFT VALVE
Normally required during unloading phase

only
Open only when annulus and tubing
pressures are high enough to overcome
valve set pressure
Valve closes after transfer to next station
May be spring or nitrogen charged
Schlumberger, 2001
Diaphragm/
Atmospheric Bellows
Spring
Stem Upstream/
Casing
Stem Tip
Upstream
Downstream
Port
Downstream/Tubing
Pressure Regulator Spring Operated Gas Lift Valve

Schlumberger, 2001
VALVE OPENING & CLOSING PRESSURES
F=PXA
WHEN THE VALVE IS CLOSED

TO OPEN IT..
Pd 1 Pd
Pd x Ab= Pc (Ab - Ap) + Pt Ap
2
Pc
1
Pc
WHEN THE VALVE IS OPEN
TO CLOSE IT..
2
Pd x Ab = Pc (Ab)
Pt
UN BALANCED VALVE
Schlumberger, 2001
CLOSING FORCE (IPO VALVE) Fc = PbAb
OPENING FORCES (IPO VALVE) Fo1 = Pc (Ab- Ap)

Fo2 = Pt Ap
TOTAL OPENING FORCE Fo = Pc (Ab - Ap) + Pt Ap
JUST BEFORE THE VALVE OPENS THE FORCES ARE EQUAL
Pc (Ab - Ap) + Pt Ap = Pb Ab
Pb - Pt (Ap/Ab)
SOLVING FOR Pc Pc = --------------------------
1 - (Ap/Ab)
WHERE: Pb = Pressure in bellows
Pt = Tubing pressure
Pc = Casing pressure
Ab = Area of bellows
Ap = Area of port
Schlumberger, 2001
Pb - Pt (Ap/Ab)
Pc = ----------------------
1 - (Ap/Ab)
Pb - Pt (R)
Pc = ----------------------
1-R
Pb = Pc (1 - R) + Pt (R)
Where R = Ratio Ap/Ab

Schlumberger, 2001
PRODUCED FLUID
0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 3500

INJECTION GAS
2000
4000
6000
DEPTH FTTVD
8000
10000
12000
14000
DRAWDOWN
TUBING PRESSURE
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GAS LIFT VALVES CLOSE IN SEQUENCE
0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 3500
2000
4000
DEPTH FTTVD
6000
8000
10000
12000
14000
DRAWDOWN
TUBING PRESSURE
CASING PRESSURE FBHP SIBHP Schlumberger, 2001
CASING P. CASING P
TO OPEN TO CLOSE
PRODUCED FLUID
DOME P.
INJECTION GAS AT SURFACE 1200 PSI ? PSI
TUBING P.
@ DEPTH
VALVE # 1 1260 PSI ? PSI
560 PSI

740 PSI
890 PSI
Pd = Pc (1-R) + Pt (R)
NOTE : ALL VALVES 3/16 R-20

R = 0.038 1-R = 0.962 Schlumberger, 2001
Pb Pb
Dome Dome
Chevron Chevron
Packing Packing
Stack Stack
Bellows Bellows
StemTip(Ball)
SquareEdged
Pc
Seat Pc
StemTip(Ball)
SquareEdged
Seat
Pt
Chevron Chevron
Packing Pt Packing
Stack Stack
CheckValve CheckValve
NitrogenChargedBellowsType NitrogenChargedBellowsType
InjectionPressure(Casing)OperatedGasLiftValve ProductionPressure(Fluid)OperatedGasLiftValve
Schlumberger, 2001
Dome Pb
Atmospheric
Spring Bellows
Chevron
Packing
Stack
Bellows
Chevron
Packing
Stack
Pc
Pc
Spring
Adjustment
LargeT.C.Ball Nut&LockNuts
Tapered
T.C.Seat
StemTip(Ball)
SquareEdged
Chevron Pt Seat
Packing
Stack Chevron
Packing
Stack Pt
CheckValve CheckValve
NitrogenChargedBellowsType SpringOperated
ProportionalResponseGasLiftValve InjectionPressure(Casing)OperatedGasLiftValve
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GAS LIFT VALVE FEATURES
Bellows protection
Max dome charge
Check valve
Stem travel
Metallurgy
Elastomers
Max fluid rate
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Typically an orifice type Gas lift valve

always open - allows gas across Passage whenever
correct differential exists
Gas injection controlled by size and differential
across replaceable choke
Back-check prevents reverse flow of well fluids from
the production conduit
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ORIFICE VALVES
THERE ARE 2 TYPES OF ORIFICE VALVE:
SQUARED EDGED ORIFICE
VENTURI (NOVA)
Valve designed for accurate gas passage

prediction.
One-way check valve for tubing integrity.
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NOVA VALVE
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EQUIPMENT SUMMARY
Side pocket mandrels
IPO unloading valves
Fluid pressure operated valves
Proportional response valves
Orifice valves
Shear open valves
Latch system
Dump kill valves
Circulating valves
Pilot valves
Check systems
Waterflood regulators
Chemical injection systems
Time cycle controllers
Schlumberger, 2001
SURFACE ACTUATED/CONTROLLED
GAS LIFT VALVE
Hydraulic controlled valve

Electric controlled valve
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SURFACE FLOW CONTROL EQUIPMENT
Describe models, operation, features/benefits, pros and cons of:

Flow Control Valves
Adjustable Choke Valves
Surface Flow Control Accessories
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WellCompletionsandProductivity
CompletionSystems
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Well Completions &
Productivity
Completion Systems
Surface Flow Control Equipment
Schlumberger, 2001
Primary Purpose
Control and measure flow from a producing oil and gas
well, secondary recovery water or gas injection well
and injected gas in a gas lift field operation.
Secondary Purpose
Real time flow control measurement which allows precise
valve positioning from a remote RTU by use of an electric
actuator with 4-Milliamps or digital hart communication
control.
Schlumberger, 2001
Applications
All producing oil and gas wells
Platform gas lift manifolds
Water or gas secondary recovery/pressure
maintenance projects
All wells employing electrical submersible pump
systems
Schlumberger, 2001
Manual Injection Control for Gas
Lift
Packing and trim
changed without
removing body
CN00998
from line
Easy-to-read
indicator
ring in 1/64 in. scale
Variety of trim
Camco/Merla FCV flow control valve sizes,
materials and
connections
Schlumberger, 2001
Prevent Reverse Flow into Gas
Lift Lines
Floating seat acts as check valve to
prevent reverse flow
CN00998
CN00998
Optional Seat for Reverse Flow Check
Camco/Merla FCV flow control valve
Schlumberger, 2001
Injection Control for
High-Temperature Application
Primarily designed for
steam injection
Applicable for service with
other high-temperature
gas or liquids
Easy-to-read 1/64 in.
indicator scale
Rated to 3500 psi at 700F
CN01000
2-in. angle body with
various trim sizes and
materials
Camco/Merla FCVT high temperature
flow control valve
Schlumberger, 2001
Manual Injection Control for
Waterflood Systems
Designed for water
injection applications
Long throat seat controls
turbulence and erosion
Adjustable hand wheel
calibrated in 1/64 in. with
easy-to-read indicator
Secondary choke option
CN01026
for high differentials
Available in variety of trim
sizes and materials
Camco/Merla WFC water flood
control valve
Schlumberger, 2001
Adjustable Choke Valves for
Production
Three body sizes for accurate match to
flow rate
ACV-5, ACV-8 and ACV-12
Common Features
Available with API or ANSI flanges, socket
weld, butt weld
or threaded connections
Variety of trim and body materials to match
application
CN00997 CN01002 CN01003
No stem leaks with spring-loaded, bubble-

tight sealing system
ACV-5 ACV-8 ACV-12
Schlumberger, 2001
Production
Low flow rate
applications (ACV-
5)
/4-in., 1-in. and
3
11/4-in. port sizes

Maximum Cv
CN00997 values:
19.3 to 35
Camco/Merla ACV-5 adjustable choke valve
Schlumberger, 2001
Production
Medium flow rate
applications (ACV-8)
1-in., 11/2-in. and 2-in.
port sizes
Maximum Cv values: 30.8
to 85.8
High differential
pressure applications
CN01002 Optional positive choke
bean
Schlumberger, 2001
Production
High flow rate
applications (ACV-12)
2-in. and 3-in. port sizes
Maximum Cv values:
124 to 285
High differential
pressure applications
Semi-balanced stem
CN01003
feature
for reduced torque
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Chokes to Reduce Erosion and
Noise
Reduce cavitation
CN01067 CN00996
or erosion damage
Cavrosion trim
CAVROSION trim CAVROSION trim
closed position throttling position Reduce noise levels
Cavnoise trim
Reduce cavitation
and noise
CN01068 CN01066
Combination
Cavrosion/ Cavnoise
CAVNOISE trim CAVROSION/
CAVNOISE trim trim
Schlumberger, 2001
Remote Flow Control
Applications
Actuators for electric control
and automation systems
Available for FCV and ACV series
valves
120 Vac or 24 Vdc with low current
draw for remote applications
High modulation rate for precise
positioning
4-20 ma or Digital Hart
CN01069 communication control
Corrosion resistance housing
FCV with electric actuator
Schlumberger, 2001
Nonadjustable Choke Applications
Positive inline choke
Bean sizes from 1/2 to 3 in.
Beans easily replaced with body
in flow line
In-line feature for bi-directional
flow
CN01159
Camco/Merla positive in-line choke
Schlumberger, 2001
Control for Low-Pressure Liquids and
Gas
Motor valves for
on-off service
Intermittent lift
control
Plunger lift control
Separator dumps
Motor valves for
CN01001
throttling service
Pressure regulators
Back pressure valves
Camco/Merla MV-60 motor valve
Schlumberger, 2001
Strengths
Name - SLB, MERLA, CAMCO
Well engineered and field proven products
SLB International locations
Manufacturing Points - Houston and Maracaibo
High pressure niche market
Schlumberger, 2001
Development Opportunities
Real time measurement market
Fit with/integrated completions/target markets
Complete ported cage designs
Software design and trouble shooting package
Complete 10k product design for speciality markets
Schlumberger, 2001
Current Projects
WEB interphase software design and troubleshooting
package.
Performing test with FCV/Jordan electric actuators
using different material combinations, and thread
types with and without special antigauling coating.
Complete conversions of all flow control products to
sherpa.
Schlumberger, 2001
END DAY 2
Schlumberger, 2001
DAY 3
LETS DO GAS
PRODUCED FLUID LIFT CONSTANT
DESIGN! FLOW GAS LIFT WELL
PRESSURE (PSI)
FL
0
O
WI
Overview of inflow and outflow performance.
NG
TU
1000
BIN
Natural gas laws applied to gas lift.
G
PR
ES
2000
SU
Flowing gradient exercises.
RE
DEPTH (FT TVD)
GR
3000
AD
Gas lift design methods.
IEN
T
4000
IPO Gas lift design

5000
6000
SIBHP
7000
FBHP
Schlumberger, 2001
OVERVIEW OF INFLOW AND OUTFLOW
PERFORMANCE
Use the linear PI relationship to predict a wells production.

Explain the difference between a linear and non-linear IPR
relationship.
Understand the factors affecting a wells inflow performance.
Understand the factors affecting a wells outflow performance.
Schlumberger, 2001
SUCCESSFUL DESIGN DEPENDS
UPON PREDICTION OF FLOWRATE
Predicting Flowrates and Pressure

Transients for Different Cases
Schlumberger, 2001
SURFACE PRESSURE PRODUCED FLUID
INJECTION GAS
WELL OUTFLOW
RELATIONSHIP
(VLP) or (TPC)
BOTTOM HOLE PRESSURE AS A FUNCTION OF FLOWRATE
PRODUCTION POTENTIAL AS A FUNCTION OF PRODUCTION RATE
SANDFACE WELL
RESERVOIR PRESSURE
PRESSURE BHFP INFLOW (IPR)
Schlumberger, 2001
WELL & RESERVOIR INFLOW PERFORMANCE
( Successful design depends upon prediction of flow rate)
TYPES OF RESERVOIR DRIVES
Dissolved / solution gas drive
Gas cap drive
Water drive
Schlumberger, 2001
Schlumberger, 2001
DISSOLVED / SOLUTION GAS DRIVE

Constant volume
No water encroachment
Two phase flowing reservoir below bubble point
No gas cap
PI not linear
PI declines with depletion
Formation GOR increases with depletion
Least efficient with circa 15% recovery
Schlumberger, 2001
Schlumberger, 2001
GAS CAP DRIVE

Gas from solution will form gas cap
With production gas cap increases providing drive
Excessive drawdown can cause coning
PI usually not linear
GOR constant except near depletion
Circa 25% recovery
Schlumberger, 2001
Schlumberger, 2001
WATER DRIVE
Not constant volume
Reservoir pressure more constant - expansion of
Water 1 in 2500 per 100 psi
PI more constant
GOR more constant
Combination of water drive & gas cap expansion
Often supplemented by water injection
Most efficient with upto 50% recovery
Schlumberger, 2001
DEPLETION DRIVE
Small isolated pockets
No pressure support
High rates initially
Very quick depletion
May use several artificial lift methods
Natural flow initially
Continuous gas lift
Intermittent gas lift
Schlumberger, 2001
IDEAL FLOW ASSUMPTIONS
Ideal well
Purely radial flow
Infinite reservoir
Uniform thickness
Stabilized flow
Single phase
Above bubble point
Homogeneous & isotropic reservoir
Perforations penetrate throughout reservoir
Reservoir shape
Proximity of wellbore
Wellbore clean / uncased
No skin
Darcys law
Schlumberger, 2001
NON IDEAL FLOW
Departures from Darcys law
Effects at boundaries
Position of well
Non homogeneous reservoir
Perforation positions
High velocities
Fluid type / high GOR
Transient behavior
Relative permeability effects - oil/water/gas near the wellbore
Depletion if reservoir
Flow restrictions (skin)
Schlumberger, 2001
Straight line productivity index (PI)
Inflow performance relationship (IPR)
Schlumberger, 2001
PRODUCTIVITY INDEX
The relationship between well inflow rate and pressure

drawdown can be expressed in the form of a Productivity
Index, denoted PI or J, where:
q
q = J(Pws - Pwf) or J = ------------------
Pws - Pwf
kh(Pav - Pwf)
qo = -----------------------------------
141.2 oBo.[ln(re/rw) - 3/4]
Schlumberger, 2001
FACTORS AFFECTING PI
1. Phase behaviour
Bubble point pressure
Dew point pressure
2. Relative permeability behaviour
Ratio of effective permeability to a particular fluid (oil, gas or
water) to the absolute permeability of the rock
3. Oil viscosity
Viscosity decreases with pressure decrease to Pb
Viscosity increases as gas comes out of solution
4. Oil formation volume factor (bo)
As pressure is decreased the liquid will expand
As gas comes out of solution oil will shrink
Schlumberger, 2001
AS RATE INCREASES IS NO LONGER STRAIGHT LINE

Increased gas sat. Near wellbore - rel. Perm. Effects
Laminar > turbulent flow
Exceeds critical flow of sandface
Schlumberger, 2001
INFLOW PERFORMANCE RELATIONSHIP
Vogel
Back pressure/Fetkovich
Lit (Jones, Blount and Glaze)
Normalized pseudo pressure
Schlumberger, 2001
VOGEL
Dimensionless reference curve based on the following

equation:
Q/Qmax = 1 - 0.2(Pwf/Pws) - 0.8(Pwf/Pws)2
where: Q = the liquid production rate, stb/d

Qmax = the maximum liquid rate for 100% drawdown
Pwf = bottom hole flowing pressure, psi
Pws = the reservoir pressure, psi
Schlumberger, 2001
Dimensionless Inflow Performance Relationship Curve for Solution
Gas Drive Reservoir (after Vogel)
1.00
0.90
0.80
0.70
0.60
Pbhf/Pbhs
0.50
0.40
0.30
0.20
0.10
0.00
0.00 0.10 0.20 0.30 0.40 0.50 0.60 0.70 0.80 0.90 1.00
Q/Qmax Schlumberger, 2001
Schlumberger, 2001
EXERCISE
Schlumberger, 2001
SURFACE PRESSURE PRODUCED FLUID
INJECTION GAS
WELL OUTFLOW
RELATIONSHIP
(VLP) or (TPC)
BOTTOM HOLE PRESSURE AS A FUNCTION OF FLOWRATE
PRODUCTION POTENTIAL AS A FUNCTION OF PRODUCTION RATE
SANDFACE WELL
RESERVOIR PRESSURE
PRESSURE BHFP INFLOW (IPR)
Schlumberger, 2001
MULTIPHASE FLOW
OUTFLOW PERFORMANCE
MOVEMENT OF A MIXTURE OF FREE GASES AND LIQUIDS
Vertical flowing gradients

Horizontal flowing gradients
Schlumberger, 2001
OUTFLOW PERFORMANCE AND MULTIPHASE FLOW
MOVEMENT OF A MIXTURE OF FREE GASES AND LIQUIDS
Vertical flowing gradients

Horizontal flowing gradients
Select correct tubing size
Predict when artificial lift will be required
Design artificial lift systems
Determine BHFP
Determine PI
Predict maximum and/or optimum flow rate
Determine maximum depth of injection
Schlumberger, 2001
FACTORS EFFECTING TPC/VLP/TPR
TPC is a function of physical properties not inflow
Tubing id
Wall roughness
Inclination
Liquid / gas density
Liquid / gas viscosity
Liquid / gas velocity
Well depth / line lengths
Surface pressure
Watercut
GOR / GLR
Liquid surface tension
Flowrate
Schlumberger, 2001
PRESSURE LOSS IN WELLBORE
Complicated expression
Schlumberger, 2001
Z
P/Z
System described by a energy balance expression

Mass energy per unit mass in = energy out
(+ - exchange with surroundings)
For wellbore- pressure Calc. for length of pipe
Integrated each section
Pressure conveniently divided into three terms
Schlumberger, 2001
TOTAL
PRESSURE GRAVITY FRICTION ACCELERATION
DIFFERENCE TERM TERM TERM
P/Ztotal = g/gccos + fv2/2gcd + v/gc[P/Z]
Schlumberger, 2001
Fluid density in every term

Errors would be accumulative
PVT important
Schlumberger, 2001
VERTICAL GRADIENTS : GLR PRESS
HORIZONTAL GRADIENTS : GLR PRESS
Schlumberger, 2001
FLOW REGIMES
Based on observations
Different flow patterns
Proportion of phases
Flow velocity
Viscosities
Interfacial tension
Schlumberger, 2001
FLOW REGIMES
Schlumberger, 2001
CORRELATIONS
Babson (1934)
Gilbert (1939 / 1952)
Poettmann & Carpenter (1952)
Duns & Ros
Hagedorn & Brown
Orkiszewski
Fancher & Brown
Beggs &Brill
Duckler Flannigan
Gray
Mechanistic
Proprietary
Schlumberger, 2001
INFLOWANDOUTFLOW
PERFORMANCE
Pressure, psig
0
1000
2000
3000
5200
4000
5000
5000
FBHP, psig
4800
Depth, feet
6000
7000 4600
8000 4400
9000 4200
10000 0 1000 2000 3000
11000 Rate, bbls/d
12000
13000
14000
0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 Schlumberger, 2001
Schlumberger, 2001
Schlumberger, 2001
APPLICATION OF FLOWING
PRESSURE GRADIENTS / EXERCISES
Schlumberger, 2001
NATURAL GAS LAWS APPLIED TO GAS LIFT
Predict the casing pressure at depth for a gas lift well.

Predict the gas passage through a square-edged orifice.
Explain the relationship between a valves bellows pressure and its
temperature
Schlumberger, 2001
GAS CALCULATIONS RELATED TO GAS LIFT SYSTEMS
Gas injection pressure at depth
Gas volume stored within a conduit
Temperature effect on bellows-charged dome pressure
Volumetric gas throughput of a choke or g.L. Valve port
Schlumberger, 2001
GAS INJECTION PRESSURE AT DEPTH
S.G. x L
53.34 x T x Z
P@L = P@Se
Where: e = 2.71828
P@L = Pressure at depth, psia
P@S = Pressure at surface, psia
S.G. = Gas Specific Gravity
L = Depth, feet
T = Average Temp Degrees R
Z = Average Compressibility for T
and average pressure
Schlumberger, 2001
GAS INJECTION PRESSURE AT DEPTH
Rule of thumb Equation based on S.G. of 0.65,

a geothermal gradient at 1.60F/100ft and a surface
temperature of 700F
P@L = P@S + (2.3 x P@S x L )

100 1000
Where: P@L = Pressure at depth, psia

P@S = Pressure at surface, psia
L = Depth, feet
Schlumberger, 2001
GAS VOLUME STORED WITHIN A CONDUIT
(see page 3-10)
Internal capacity of a single circular conduit
Q(ft3/100ft.) = 0.5454 di2

Q(barrels/100ft.) = 0.009714 di2
Annular capacity of a tubing string inside casing
Q(ft3/100ft.) = 0.5454 di2 - do2

Q(barrels/100ft.) = 0.009714 di2 - do2
Where: di = inside diameter in inches

do = outside diameter in inches
Schlumberger, 2001
GAS VOLUME STORED WITHIN A CONDUIT
To find the volume of gas contained under specific

well conditions):
P x Tb
b = V x ----------------
Z x Pb x T
Where: b = gas volume at base conditions

V = capacity of conduit in cubic feet
P = average pressure within conduit
Tb= temperature base in degrees Rankin
Z = compressibility factor for average pressure and
temperature in a conduit (see Figure 3.2)
Pb= pressure base (14.73 psi)
T = average temperature in the conduit in degrees Rankin 2001
Schlumberger,
TEMPERATURE EFFECT ON CONFINED BELLOWS
CHARGED DOME PRESSURE
Major Advantages of Nitrogen
Availability
Non-explosive
Non- corrosive
Predictable compressibility
Predictable temperature effect
Schlumberger, 2001
TEMPERATURE EFFECT ON CONFINED BELLOWS
CHARGED DOME PRESSURE
P2 = P1 X Tc
Where: P1 = Pressure at initial temperature

P2 = Pressure resulting from change of temperature
Tc = Temperature correction factor
and
1 + 0.00215 x (T2 - 60)

Tc = --------------------------------
1 + 0.00215 x (T1 - 60)
Where : T1 = Initial temperature, Deg F

Schlumberger, 2001
T2 = Present temperature, Deg F
VOLUMETRIC GAS THROUGHPUT OF A CHOKE OR A
GAS LIFT VALVE PORT
Equation based on Thornhill-Craver Studies
Page 3-13
Since this equation is so complex the chart in

figure 7.4 page 7-14 provides a means of quickly
obtaining an approximate gas passage rate for a
given port size
Schlumberger, 2001
GAS INJECTION RATE (MMSCF/D)
SUB-CRITICAL
FLOW
ORIFICE FLOW
PTUBING = 55%
PRESSURE (PSI) PCASING
Schlumberger, 2001
Gas Passage through a RDO-5 Orifice Valve with a 1/2" Port
(163 deg F, Gas S.G. 0.83, Discharge Coefficient 0.84)
9
6
Gas Flow Rate MMSCF/D
0
0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000 1100 1200 1300 1400 1500 1600 1700 1800 1900 2000
Pressure psi Schlumberger, 2001

RDO-5 Orifice Valve, 24/64" Port, Cd = 0.86
5.00
4.50
4.00
3.50
Gas Flow rate (m m scf/d)
3.00
2.50
2.00
1.50
CalculatedFlowrate MeasuredFlowrate
1.00
0.50 CalculatedFlowrate MeasuredFlowrate
0.00
0.00 200.00 400.00 600.00 800.00 1000.00 1200.00 1400.00 1600.00 1800.00 2000.00
Downstream Pressure (psig)
Schlumberger, 2001
END DAY 3
Schlumberger, 2001
DAY 4
GAS LIFT DESIGN AND TROUBLE-SHOOTING.
PRESSURE (PSI)
FL
0
O
WI
NG
IPO Gas lift design
TU
1000
BIN
PPO Gas Lift Design
G
PR
ES
2000
Gas lift trouble-shooting techniques
SU
RE
DEPTH (FT TVD)
GR
3000
Course summary
AD
IEN
T
4000
5000
6000
SIBHP
7000
FBHP
Schlumberger, 2001
IPO GAS LIFT DESIGN
Perform a gas lift design for a well utilizing injection pressure

operated gas lift valves.
List at least 3 possible sources of design bias in an IPO gas lift
design.
Explain the purpose of design bias and its effect on a gas lift
design.
Understand how a gas lift design can be developed to
accommodate changing conditions over time.
Schlumberger, 2001
MANDREL SPACING
Forunloading
Forflexibility
Schlumberger, 2001
GAS LIFT DESIGN METHODS
Variety of design methods published
Pmax / P min
Casing Pressure drop
Equilibrium curve
Vary with application
Vary with data
Vary with experience
Not an exact science
We are dealing with a very dynamic system
Schlumberger, 2001
GAS LIFT DESIGNS
Learn basics
Do the designs by hand graphically
Build mental picture of dynamic system
Introduce design bias
Think about it then apply
Schlumberger, 2001
GAS LIFT DESIGNS
New design
Pre-spaced mandrels
All methods require objective gradient
Fixed rate design
Optimum rate design
Schlumberger, 2001
GAS LIFT DESIGNS
Casing Pressure Drop Method
Schlumberger, 2001
CAMCO GAS LIFT TECHNOLOGY - EXAMPLE DESIGN
Constant Pdrop Method - No Design Bias
PRESSURE(PSIG)
TEMPERATUREF
0 1000 2000
100 150 200
0
1000
2000
3000
4000
DEPTHFTTVD
5000
6000
7000
8000
9000
DEPTHOFWELL(MIDPERFS)
10000
FIGURE 1
Schlumberger, 2001
PRESSURE(PSIG)
TEMPERATUREF
0 1000 2000
100 150 200
0
CASINGP
1000
RESSURE
2000
GRADIENT
3000
0.65S.G.
4000
DEPTHFTTVD
5000 ST
AT
IC
GR
A DIE
N T(
6000 0. 46
5P
S I/ F
T)
7000
8000
9000
S.I.B.H.P.
10000
FIGURE 2
Schlumberger, 2001
PRESSURE(PSIG)
TEMPERATUREF
0 1000 2000
100 150 200
0
CASINGP
1000
RESSURE
2000
GRADIENT
3000
0.65S.G.
4000
DEPTHFTTVD
5000 ST
AT
IC
GR
A DIE
FLO N T(
6000 WI 0. 46
NG 5P
GR S
AD I/ F
IEN T)
T2
000
BP
7000 D,
99%
W
.C.
,0G
LR
8000
9000
F.B.H.P. S.I.B.H.P.
10000
FIGURE 3
Schlumberger, 2001
PRESSURE(PSIG)
TEMPERATUREF
0 1000 2000
100 150 200
0
FL
CASINGP
1000 OW
IN
G
GR
RESSURE
A
DIE
2000
NT
20
GRADIENT
00
BP
3000
D,
99
%
0.65S.G.
W.
C.
4000
,10
DEPTHFTTVD
00
:1
G
LR
5000 ST
AT
IC
GR
A DIE
FLO N T(
6000 WI 0. 46
NG 5P
GR S
AD I/ F
IEN T)
T2
000
BP
7000 D,
99%
W
.C.
,0G
LR
8000
9000
F.B.H.P. S.I.B.H.P.
10000
FIGURE 4
Schlumberger, 2001
PRESSURE(PSIG)
TEMPERATUREF
0 1000 2000
100 150 200
0
0.4
CASINGP
65
ps
i/ft
1000
RESSURE
MANDREL#1
2000
GRADIENT
3000
0.65S.G.
4000
DEPTHFTTVD
5000 ST
AT
IC
GR
A DIE
FLO N T(
6000 WI 0. 46
NG 5P
GR S
AD I/ F
IEN T)
T2
000
BP
7000 D,
99%
W
.C.
,0G
LR
8000
9000
F.B.H.P. S.I.B.H.P.
10000
FIGURE 5
Schlumberger, 2001
PRESSURE(PSIG)
TEMPERATUREF
0 1000 2000
100 150 200
0
0.4
CASINGP
65
ps
i/ft
1000
RESSURE
MANDREL#1
2000
FLO
GRADIENT
W
ING
3000
TE
MP
ST
0.65S.G.
ER
AT
IC
ATU
4000
TE
DEPTHFTTVD
R
MP
EG
ER
RA
AT
DIE
5000
UR
ST
AT
IC
EG
NT
GR
A DIE
RA
FLO N T(
DI
6000 WI 0. 46
EN
NG 5P
GR S
T
AD I/ F
IEN T)
T2
000
BP
7000 D,
99%
W
.C.
,0G
LR
8000
9000 F.B.H.P.#1
F.B.H.P. S.I.B.H.P.
10000
FIGURE 6
Schlumberger, 2001
PRESSURE(PSIG)
TEMPERATUREF
0 1000 2000
100 150 200
0
0.4
CASINGP
65
ps
i/ft
1000
RESSURE
MANDREL#1
2000
FLO
GRADIENT
W
ING
3000
TE
MP
ST
0.65S.G.
ER
MANDREL#2
AT
IC
ATU
4000
TE
DEPTHFTTVD
R
MP
EG
ER
RA
AT
DIE
5000
UR
ST
AT
IC
EG
NT
GR
A DIE
RA
FLO N T(
DI
6000 WI 0. 46
EN
NG 5P
GR S
T
AD I/ F
IEN T)
T2
000
BP
7000 D,
99%
W
.C.
,0G
LR
8000
9000
F.B.H.P. F.B.H.P.#2 S.I.B.H.P.

10000
FIGURE 7
Schlumberger, 2001
PRESSURE(PSIG)
TEMPERATUREF
0 1000 2000
100 150 200
0
0.4
CASINGP
65
ps
i/ft
1000
RESSURE
MANDREL#1
2000
FLO
GRADIENT
W
ING
3000
TE
MP
ST
0.65S.G.
ER
MANDREL#2
AT
IC
ATU
4000
TE
DEPTHFTTVD
R
MP
EG
ER
RA
AT
MANDREL#3
DIE
5000
UR
ST
AT
IC
EG
NT
GR
A DIE
RA
N T(
DI
6000 0. 46
EN
FL 5P
S
T
OW I/ F
ING T)
GR
AD
IEN
7000 T2
000
BP
D,
99%
W
.C.
,0G
8000 LR
9000

10000
FIGURE 8
Schlumberger, 2001
PRESSURE(PSIG)
TEMPERATUREF
0 1000 2000
100 150 200
0
0.4
CASINGP
65
ps
i/ft
1000
RESSURE
MANDREL#1
2000
FLO
GRADIENT
W
ING
3000
TE
MP
ST
0.65S.G.
ER
MANDREL#2
AT
IC
ATU
4000
TE
DEPTHFTTVD
R
MP
EG
ER
RA
AT
DIE
5000
UR
MANDREL#3 ST
AT
IC
EG
NT
GR
A DIE
RA
N T(
DI
6000 0. 46
EN
5P
S
T
MANDREL#4 I/ F
T)
7000
8000
9000

10000
FIGURE 9
Schlumberger, 2001
PRESSURE(PSIG)
TEMPERATUREF
0 1000 2000
100 150 200
0
0.4
CASINGP
65
ps
i/ft
1000
RESSURE
MANDREL#1
2000
FLO
GRADIENT
W
ING
3000
TE
MP
ST
0.65S.G.
ER
MANDREL#2
AT
IC
ATU
4000
TE
DEPTHFTTVD
R
MP
EG
ER
RA
AT
DIE
5000
UR
MANDREL#3 ST
AT
IC
EG
NT
GR
A DIE
RA
N T(
DI
6000 0. 46
EN
5P
S
T
MANDREL#4 I/ F
T)
7000
MANDREL#5
8000
9000
DEPTHOFWELL(MIDPERFS) F.B.H.P.#5
F.B.H.P. S.I.B.H.P.
10000
FIGURE 10
Schlumberger, 2001
GAS LIFT DESIGN
(P-MIN / P-MAX)
Re-opening valves / valve interference

(P-min / P-max / Production Pressure Effect)
Schlumberger, 2001
#1.
Pressure
Pt
Pc1
D
e
p Valve#1 Pt@L Pc@L
t Differential
h
30-50#
Schlumberger, 2001
#2.
Pressure
Pt
Pc1
Pc2=Pc1-[(Ptmax-Ptmin)(TEF)]
D
e
p #1 Ptmin Ptmax
t
h
50#
PointA Differential
Schlumberger, 2001
#3.
Pressure
Pt
Pc1 Pc1
D Pc2=1000-[(750-425)(.104)]
e Pc2=966psi
p #1 (33.8psi)
t
h
Ptmax
Ptmin
#2
50#
Differential
PointA
Schlumberger, 2001
Pc2
#4.
Pressure
Pt Pc3 Pc1
D
e Pc3=966-[(815-625)(.104)]
p #1 Pc3=946psi
t (19.76psi)
h
#2
#3
Schlumberger, 2001
Pc2
#5.
Pressure Pc3 Pc1
Pt
D
e #1
p
t
h
#2
#3 Ptmin Ptmax
Point A
Schlumberger, 2001
Pc2
#6.
Pt Pressure Pc3 Pc1
Pc4
D
e #1
p
t
h
#2
Pc =946-[(925-750)(.104)]
4
#3
Pc4=928psi
#4 Ptmin
(18.2psi)
(.05xDepth)+Pwh
Schlumberger, 2001
GAS LIFT DESIGN EXAMPLE (3 1/2)
GRADIENT CURVE - MANDREL SPACING
TUBING SIZE : 3.5

AVERAGE DEVIATION : VERTICAL WELL
TARGET PRODUCTION RATE : 600 B/D
WATERCUT : 50 %
OIL API : 35O
WATER S.G. : 1.08
GAS S.G. : 0.65
PACKER SETTING DEPTH : 7400 FT
END OF TUBING : 7500 FT
MID PERFORATION DEPTH : 8000 FT
WELLHEAD FLOWING PRESSURE : 175 psig
SHUT IN BOTTOM HOLE PRESSURE : 2800 psig
PRODUCTIVITY INDEX : .65 stb/d/psi
FORMATION GOR : 100:1
CASING KICKOFF PRESSURE : 1150 psig
CASING OPERATING PRESSURE : 1100 psig
AVAILABLE GAS FOR INJECTION : 1 MMSCF/D
TEMPERATURE @ DEPTH : 210O F
KILL FLUID GRADIENT : 0.465 psi/ft
FLOW EFFICIENCY : 1 (no skin)
Schlumberger, 2001
GAS LIFT DESIGNS
Design Bias
Schlumberger, 2001
DESIGN BIAS IN GAS LIFT DESIGN
Tubing head pressure
Tubing pressure / minimum gradient
Casing pressure drops to close valve systematically (disadvantage?)
Re-opening valves / Valve interference
Differential at bottom point
Casing pressure available
Design bias will vary depending on condition
Gas passage
Well coming in
Add some more mandrels?
Usually called safety factors
Schlumberger, 2001
INTRODUCING DESIGN BIAS
INTO DESIGNS
Schlumberger, 2001
Ptmin-Ptmax Method - with Design Bias
PRESSURE (PSIG)
TEMPERATURE F
0 1000 2000
100 150 200
0
1000
2000
3000
4000
DEPTH FTTVD
5000
6000
7000
8000
9000
DEPTH OF WELL (MID PERFS)
10000
FIGURE 1
Schlumberger, 2001
PRESSURE (PSIG)
TEMPERATURE F
0 1000 2000
100 150 200
0
CASING PR
1000
ESSURE GR
2000
ADIE
3000
NT 0.65 S.G
4000
.
DEPTH FTTVD
5000 ST
AT
IC
GR
AD
IE N
T(
0. 4
6000 65
PS
I/ F
T)
7000
8000
9000
S.I.B.H.P.
10000
FIGURE 2
Schlumberger, 2001
PRESSURE (PSIG)
TEMPERATURE F
0 1000 2000
100 150 200
0
CASING PR
1000
ESSURE GR
2000
ADIE
3000
NT 0.65 S.G
4000
.
DEPTH FTTVD
5000 ST
AT
FL IC
OW GR
ING AD
IE N
GR T(
AD 0. 4
6000 IE N 65
T2 PS
000 I/ F
T)
BP
D,
99 %W
7000 .C.
,0 GL
R
8000
9000
F.B.H.P. S.I.B.H.P.
10000
FIGURE 3
Schlumberger, 2001
PRESSURE (PSIG)
TEMPERATURE F
0 1000 2000
100 150 200
0
CASING PR
1000
ESSURE GR
FL
2000
O
WI
NG
ADIE
GR
3000
AD
NT 0.65 S.G
I EN
T2
000
4000
BP
.
DEPTH FTTVD
D,
9% 9
W.
5000 ST
C.,
AT
IC
10
GR
00:
AD
IE N
1G
FLO T(
WI 0. 4
LR
6000 NG 65
GR PS
AD I/ F
IEN T)
T2
000
BP
7000 D,
99%
W.C
.,0
GL
R
8000
9000
F.B.H.P. S.I.B.H.P.
10000
FIGURE 4
Schlumberger, 2001
PRESSURE (PSIG)
TEMPERATURE F
0 1000 2000
100 150 200
0
0.4
CASING PR
65
psi
/ft
1000
ESSURE GR
MANDREL #1
2000
ADIE
3000
NT 0.65 S.G
4000
.
DEPTH FTTVD
5000 ST
AT
IC
GR
AD
FL IE N
OW T(
I NG 0. 4
6000 65
GR PS
AD I/ F
IE T)
NT
2 000
BP
7000 D , 99
%W
.C.
,0 GL
R
8000
9000
F.B.H.P. S.I.B.H.P.
10000
FIGURE 5
Schlumberger, 2001
PRESSURE (PSIG)
TEMPERATURE F
0 1000 2000
100 150 200
0
0.4
CASING PR
65
psi
/ft
1000
ESSURE GR
MANDREL #1
2000
FLO
WIN
ADIE
G
3000
TEM
NT 0.65 S.G
ST
PER
AT
ATU
IC
4000
TE
.
RE
MP
DEPTH FTTVD
GRA
RAE
DIE
TU
5000
RE
NT
GR
AD
FL
OW
IEN
ST
6000 I NG AT
IC
T
GR GR
AD AD
IE NT IE N
2 000 T(
0. 4
BP 65
7000 D , 99 PS
I/ F
%W T)
.C.
,0 GL
R
8000
9000
DEPTH OF WELL (MID PERFS) F.B.H.P. #1
F.B.H.P. S.I.B.H.P.
10000
FIGURE 6
Schlumberger, 2001
PRESSURE (PSIG)
TEMPERATURE F
0 1000 2000
100 150 200
0
0.4
CASING PR
65
psi
/ft
1000
ESSURE GR
MANDREL #1 Ptmax1
2000
FLO
WIN
ADIE
Ptmin1
G
3000
TEM
NT 0.65 S.G
ST
PER
AT
MANDREL #2
ATU
IC
4000
TE
.
RE
MP
DEPTH FTTVD
GRA
RAE
DIE
TU
5000 ST
RE
AT
NT
IC
GR
GR
AD
AD
FL IE N
OW T(
IEN
I NG 0. 4
6000 65
PS
T
GR I/ F
AD T)
IE NT
2 000
BP
7000 D , 99
%W
.C.
,0 GL
R
8000
9000
F.B.H.P. F.B.H.P. #2 S.I.B.H.P.

10000
FIGURE 7
Schlumberger, 2001
PRESSURE (PSIG)
TEMPERATURE F
0 1000 2000
100 150 200
0
0.4
65
CASING PR
psi
/ft
1000
ESSURE GR
MANDREL #1
2000
FLO
WIN
ADIE
G
3000
TEM
NT 0.65 S.G
ST
PER
AT
MANDREL #2
Ptmax2
ATU
IC
4000
TE
RE
MP
DEPTH FTTVD
.
Ptmin2
GRA
RAE
DIE
TU
MANDREL #3
5000 ST
RE
AT
NT
IC
GR
GR
AD
AD
IE N
T(
IEN
0. 4
6000 65
PS
T
I/ F
T)
7000
8000
9000

10000
FIGURE 8
Schlumberger, 2001
PRESSURE (PSIG)
TEMPERATURE F
0 1000 2000
100 150 200
0
0.4
CASING PR
65
psi
/ft
1000
ESSURE GR
MANDREL #1
2000
FLO
WIN
ADIE
G
3000
TEM
NT 0.65 S.G
ST
PER
AT
MANDREL #2
ATU
IC
4000
TE
.
RE
MP
DEPTH FTTVD
GRA
RAE
DIE
TU
MANDREL #3
5000 Ptmax3 ST
RE
AT
NT
IC
GR
GR
Ptmin3 AD
AD
IE N
T(
IEN
MANDREL #4 0. 4
6000 65
PS
T
I/ F
T)
7000
8000
9000

10000
FIGURE 9
Schlumberger, 2001
PRESSURE (PSIG)
TEMPERATURE F
0 1000 2000
100 150 200
0
0.4
CASING PR
65
psi
/ft
1000
ESSURE GR
MANDREL #1
2000
FLO
WIN
ADIE
G
3000
TEM
NT 0.65 S.G
ST
PER
AT
MANDREL #2
ATU
IC
4000
TE
.
RE
MP
DEPTH FTTVD
GRA
RAE
DIE
TU
MANDREL #3
5000 ST
RE
AT
NT
IC
GR
GR
AD
AD
IE N
T(
IEN
MANDREL #4 0. 4
6000 65
PS
T
I/ F
T)
7000
MANDREL #5
8000
9000
DEPTH OF WELL (MID PERFS) F.B.H.P. #5
F.B.H.P. S.I.B.H.P.
10000
FIGURE 10
Schlumberger, 2001
PPO GAS LIFT DESIGN
Perform a gas lift design for a well utilizing production pressure

operated gas lift valves.
Explain the purpose of the Design Line in a PPO gas lift design.
Explain the purpose of the P Line in a PPO gas lift design.
Understand the benefits and liabilities of PPO gas lift designs.
Explain where a PPO gas lift installation would most likely be run
and why.
Schlumberger, 2001
EXAMPLE
Schlumberger, 2001
TROUBLE-SHOOTING
List 5 tools that can aid in the trouble-shooting of gas lift wells.
Understand the relationship between gas passage, valve
mechanics, well performance and casing pressure.
Utilize gradient curves, valve mechanics and gas passage to
predict the point (or points) of injection in a gas lift well.
Explain the cycle of instability in a well which is injecting in sub-
critical flow across a square-edged orifice.
Explain how to determine if the tubing and casing are in
communication.
Schlumberger, 2001
TROUBLESHOOTING
ING
OP
OR
TIM
NIT
ZAI
MO
TIO
FOCUS
N
ORGANISATION
& PROCESSES
TROUBLESHOOTING
PRODUCTION MANAGEMENT
Schlumberger, 2001
THE FOLLOWING DATA SHOULD BE REGULARLY MONITORED :
GAS INJECTION (PRODUCTION ANNULUS) PRESSURE
GAS INJECTION RATES
TUBING HEAD PRESSURE
WELL TESTS
TOTAL PRODUCTION
WATER CUTS
TEMPERATURE
SLUGGING : AN UNSTABLE SYSTEM SHOULD BE INVESTIGATED.
SEVERE SLUGGING IS A MAJOR CONCERN.
THE INITIAL START-UP AND LOADING IS THE WHEN THE WELL IS AT
ITS MOST UNSTABLE.
Schlumberger, 2001
CHANGE IN THE INJECTION PRESSURE
INJECTION PRESSURE :
CAN MEAN
THE MOST INFORMATIVE, IT INDICATES:
WHICH UNLOADING VALVES ARE RESTRICTIONS TO THE GAS FLOW,
OPEN UPSTREAM OF THE GAS INJECTION
AND THE MAXIMUM DEPTH OF CIRCULATING VALVE.
INJECTION
OPENING OF THE UNLOADING VALVE.
A CHANGE IN THE TUBING PRESSURE
0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 6000 7000 AT DEPTH (CHANGE IN WATER CUT)
Pb
2000
A CHANGE IN THE GAS INJECTION RATE
4000 A RESTRICTION IN THE CIRCULATING
6000
VALVE
DEPTH FTTVD
8000
THE CIRCULATING VALVES PORT HAS
Pc
BEEN FLOW CUT.
10000
12000
LOSS OF PRESSURE INTEGRITY IN
Pt
EITHER THE TUBING OR THE INJECTION
14000
DRAWDOWN GAS FLOW LINE
TUBING PRESSURE
Schlumberger, 2001
GAS INJECTION RATE:
HAS A LARGE INFLUENCE ON
THE PRODUCTION RATE
INABILITY TO INJECT GAS.
THIS NORMALLY INDICATES
A MECHANICAL FAILURE.
GAS INJECTION IS
RESTRICTED.
COULD INDICATE :
AN INCREASE IN
WATER CUT
WE ARE OPERATING
AT THE UNLOADING
VALVE.
Schlumberger, 2001
WELL TESTS
ACTUAL PRODUCTION
RATE & WATER CUT
MULTI-RATE TESTING -
BETTER
UNDERSTANDING OF
THE WELL
WATER CUTS
ERRATIC WATER CUTS CAN INDICATE A SLUGGING WELL
Schlumberger, 2001
TUBING PRESSURE :
THE TUBING HEAD PRESSURE (THP) & WELL HEAD TEMPERATURE
INDICATE THE WELL IS FLOWING.
A DECREASE IN TUBING PRESSURE CAN INDICATE A LOSS OF
PRODUCTION DUE TO :
A CHANGE IN THE INJECTION DEPTH
AN INCREASE IN WATER CUT.
AN INCREASE IN TUBING PRESSURE :
COULD BE AS A RESULT OF EXCESS GAS INJECTION
CAN AFFECT THE CASING PRESSURE.
TUBING INSTABILITY CAN BE CAUSED BY :

CASING PRESSURE INSTABILITY (MULTI-POINTING OR
INCORRECTLY SIZED CIRCULATING VALVE)
TOO LARGE A TUBING SIZE.
Schlumberger, 2001
TEMPERATURE
Schlumberger, 2001
TROUBLESHOOTING
Inlet problems
Choke sized too large
Choke sized too small
Low casing pressure
High casing pressure
Verify gauges
Low gas volume
Excessive gas volume
Compressor fluctuations
Schlumberger, 2001
TROUBLESHOOTING
Outlet problems
Valve restrictions
High back pressure
Separator operating pressure
Schlumberger, 2001
TROUBLESHOOTING
Downhole problems
Hole in tubing
Operating pressure valve by surface closing
Method
Well blowing dry gas
Well will not take any input gas
Well flowing in heads
Installation stymied and will not unload
Valve hung open
Valve spacing too wide
Schlumberger, 2001
TROUBLESHOOTING TECHNIQUES
Calculations - analysis of casing pressure
Echometer surveys
Tagging fluid level
Two pen pressure recorder charts
Multi-rate test analysis
Historical well test analysis
Computer modeling
Flowing pressure and temperature
surveys
Schlumberger, 2001
TYPICAL CALCULATED CHECKS
Casing pressure analysis
Effect of reservoir pressure & pi with well test data
Gas passage calculations
Well temperature effect
Frictional/downhole pressure effects
Performance curve
Well stability
Schlumberger, 2001
GAS LIFT TROUBLESHOOTING FLOWCHART
WELL TEST DATA
WELL HISTORY
TWO PEN CHART
WELL EQUIPMENT
GAS LIFT DATA SHEET
Flowing Continuous Flow

Survey Design Diagnostics
WELL FLOWS WELL DOES NOT FLOW
WELL TAKES WELL TAKES

GAS GAS
CHART 2 CHART 5
WELL DOES NOT WELL DOES NOT

TAKE GAS TAKE GAS
CHART 3 CHART 6
IRREGULAR GAS
INJECTION Schlumberger, 2001
CHART 4
WELLFLOWS
CHART 2 WELLTAKESGAS
Injection Thru Injection Not Thru

Gas Lift Valve Gas Lift Valve
Injection At
Deepest Valve?
Sidepocket
Hole in Tubing
Mandrel Leak
Evaluate for
Deeper Injection
Point Install Pack Off Re-install Valve
Mechanical
Problems? Install Pack Off
Remove Re-design for

Restriction Deeper Injection
Consider
Workover
Re-evaluate
OPTIMISE GAS
INJECTION RATE Schlumberger, 2001
WELL FLOWS
CHART 3
WELL DOES NOT TAKE GAS
G.L.V. Design
Failed Gas G.L.V. Setting Surface Gas
Casing Bridge Temperature
Lift Valve Too High Input Problem
Too Low
Redesign Redesign for

Change Out Pump Plugged
for Lower Higher
Valve Chemical Surface Choke
Pressure Temperature
Frozen
Pump Water Surface
Choke
Re-evaluate
OPTIMISE GAS
INJECTION RATE
Schlumberger, 2001
WELL FLOWS
CHART 4 IRREGULAR GAS INJECTION
SubSurface Surface Problem

Problem
Casing Pressure Casing Pressure Unstable Gas Unstable Back

Low High Supply Pressure
Unloading Valve Compressor Adjacent Well

Hole in Tubing Gained Pressure Discharge Heading in
Unstable Shared Manifold
Unloading Valve Operating Valve Intermittent Well Unstable

Lost Pressure Too Deep Robbing Supply Separator Back
Gas Volume Pressure
Valve Port Fluid Valve Port Size

Cut Too Small
Leaking
Sidepocket
Mandrel
Re-evaluate
OPTIMISE GAS
INJECTION RATE Schlumberger, 2001
WELL DOES NOT FLOW
WELL TAKES GAS
CHART 5
Casing Pressure Casing Pressure

High Low
Lower Valve Gas Lift Valve Mechanical

Won't Open Problem Problem
Fluid Load on
Bottom Below Unloading Valve
Design Pressure Lost Dome Hole in Tubing
Pressure
Bridge in
Casing Cut Out Valve Leaking Mandrel
Port Pocket
Lift Gas Injection
Rate Too High Trash in
Unloading Valve Leaking Tubing
Port Hanger
No Inflow To
Evaluate for Wellbore
Orifice Insert
Re-evaluate
OPTIMISE GAS
INJECTION RATE
Schlumberger, 2001
WELL DOES NOT FLOW
CHART 6 WELL DOES NOT TAKE GAS
Surface Problem Subsurface

Problem
Wellhead or Gas Lift Valve Subsurface

Manifold Plugged Problem Safety Valve
or Closed Closed
Injection Choke
Plugged or Tubing Closed
Closed
Bridge in Casing
Valve Set
Plugged Pressure Too Valve Gained Top Valve Spaced
Operating Valve High Charged Pressure Too Deep
Rock The well Re-design for Change Valve Unload to Lower

Lower Pressure Back Pressure
Circulate Fluid Displace Casing

Thru Valve with Lighter Fluid
Change Valve Use Higher

Injection Pressure
Re-evaluate OPTIMISE GAS

INJECTION RATE
Schlumberger, 2001
TROUBLE-SHOOTING
GAS LIFT WELLS
CaseStudiesusingEchometer,Two-Pen
RecorderandNodalAnalysis
Schlumberger, 2001
CASE #1
New gas lift string
Expected production: 1350 bbls/d @ 580 MCF/D gas
injection.
Actual Production: 1050 bbls/d @ 520 MCF/D gas injection.
Corrective Action Taken
Well modeled to aid in diagnosis.
Acquired fluid level in casing.
Wireline ran in well with impression block to confirm valve
was out of pocket. Attempted to re-set valve.
Flowing gradient survey ordered.
Schlumberger, 2001
CASE #1
GAS LIFT DESIGN
VLV # MD TVD Temp. TCF Port R TRO
1 1850 1837 144 0.847 3/16" .094 945
2 2820 2698 150 0.838 3/16" .094 940
3 3640 3305 156 0.829 3/16" .094 935
4 4500 3902 161 0.822 3/16" .094 930
5 5370 4502 1/4"OrificeValve N/A
6 6260 5106 GLVinplace
Figure 1
Schlumberger, 2001
CASE #1
FLUID LEVEL SHOT
End
Mandrel#2@2820ft. Mandrel#3@3305ft. Mandrel#4@4500ft.

MD(13.6in.) MD(17.8in.) MD(21.5in.)
SCSSV@398ft. Mandrel#1@1850ft.
Start
MD(1.9in.) MD(9.1in.)
Figure 2 Schlumberger, 2001

Case #1
Pressure vs. Depth Plot

CASE#1
SUMMARY&CONCLUSIONS
Asfigure2shows,thefluidlevelwasfoundat
the4thmandrel.Thewellhasfailedtounload
totheorifice.
Asfigure3illustrates,thereissufficient
pressuredifferentialatdepthtounloadtothe
orificeinmandrel#5.
Wirelineoperationsconfirmedthevalvein
mandrel#4wasoutofpocket,preventingthe
wellfromunloading.
Schlumberger, 2001
CASE#2
Wellhasbeenseverelyheadingwith
tubingpressuresrangingbetween120-
350psi.Casingpressureshavevaried
between900-1000psi.
Wellbelievedtobemulti-pointinjecting
between2ormorevalves.
Schlumberger, 2001
CASE #2
GAS LIFT DESIGN
VLV # MD TVD Temp. TCF Port R TRO
1 1802 1802 105 0.912 3/16" .094 1005
2 3111 3110 121 0.884 3/16" .094 995
3 4105 4087 134 0.863 3/16" .094 980
4 4803 4747 1/4"OrificeValvefrom#10 N/A
5 5418 5333 149 0.839 3/16" .094 960
6 5939 5805 156 0.829 3/16" .094 945
7 6491 6313 163 0.819 3/16" .094 930
8 7012 6794 170 0.809 3/16" .094 920
9 7563 7306 174 0.803 3/16" .094 910
10 8115 7829 N/A N/A 3/16" .094 970
Figure 4
Schlumberger, 2001
CASE #2
FLUID LEVEL SHOT
End
Mandrel #4 @
Mandrel #3 @ 4105
4803 ft. MD (23.8
ft. MD (20.4 in.)
in.)
Mandrel #2 @ 3111
ft. MD (15.4 in.)
SCSSV @ 614 Mandrel #1 @ 1802 ft.

Start ft. MD (3.0 in.) MD (8.9 in.)
Figure 5
Schlumberger, 2001
CASE #2
TWO-PEN RECORDER CHART

CASE #2
FLOWING GRADIENT SURVEY

CASE #2
CASING PRESSURE ANALYSIS
VALVE NO DEPTH TVD TRO Pd@60F Pt R 1-R PtR OP Tv TCF Op Force Cl Force
1 1802 1005 911 340 .0940 .9060 32 971 139 .855 912 1065 Closed
2 3110 995 901 587 .0940 .9060 55 995 147 .842 957 1071 Closed
3 4087 980 888 822 .0940 .9060 77 1020 158 .826 1001 1075 Closed
4 4747 1/4"BKO-3OrificeValve N/A N/A Open
Figure 8
Schlumberger, 2001
CASE #2
SUMMARY & CONCLUSIONS
As figure 5 illustrates, the well has

unloaded to the orifice in mandrel #4.
Figure 6 is a 2-pen chart showing both
tubing and casing heading, typical of
multi-point injection and/or un-regulated
gas passage due to communication.
The flowing survey in figure 7 indicates
gas passage through valves # 1,2,3 & 4.
Schlumberger, 2001
CASE #2
Thecasingpressureanalysisinfigure8
showsthatallunloadingvalvesshould
beclosedatthegivenpressuresand
temperatures.
Wellappearstobemulti-pointinjecting
throughleakingorcut-outvalves.
Appearstobeerrorinbottomthree
surveypoints.
Schlumberger, 2001
CASE #2
Valves were sent to shop and replaced. The

seats in each of the unloading valves were
confirmed to be cut out
After replacing cut-out valves, well was
returned to production. Total fluid rate
increased by over 150 bbls/d (60 BOPD).
4 training sessions were then scheduled for
field personnel to better inform them about
proper unloading / operating procedures.
Schlumberger, 2001
CASE#3
Wellisbelievedtobeunder-performing.
Significantfluctuationsincasing
pressureobserved.
Wellwasobservedtobesurging.
Schlumberger, 2001
CASE#3:InflowPerformance
Figure1-Inflowperformance.TheaboveIPRcurvesweregeneratedtorepresentconditionsatpresentandatthe
timeofthelastpressuresurvey(11/98).BasedontheestimatedIPR,thecurrentPwfwouldhavetobe
approximately2627psitocorrespondwiththecurrentproductionrateof5204bbls/d.
Schlumberger, 2001
CASE#3:CasingPressureAnalysis
Figure2-Gaspassage.Theabovecurvesshowthatthegaspassageofvalves1&2
roughlytotalwhatiscurrentlybeinginjected.
Schlumberger, 2001
CASE#3:GradientPlot
Figure3-Gradientplot.Theabovegradientplotshowsthatthewellcannotinjectdeeperthanthe
2ndmandrelundercurrentconditions. Schlumberger, 2001
CASE#3:GasPassageAnalysis
Gas Passage Curves for Well D-8
1600
1400
1200
Qgi, MSCFD
1000
800 Valve#1
600 Valve#2
400
200
0
0 200 400 600 800 1000
Pdwn, psia
Figure4-GasPassage.Theabovegaspassagecurvesshowthatthecombinedgaspassageof
thetoptwounloadingvalvesislessthanthecurrentgasinjectionrate.Thisindicatesthatthe
wellmaybeinjectingthroughaholeinthetubingoravalvewhichisleakingoroutofpocket.
Schlumberger, 2001
CASE#3:SystemDeliverability
Figure5-Systemdeliverability.Theaboveperformancecurveshowsthatthewellisover-injectingatpresent.Note:
thisperformancecurveassumessingle-pointinjectionatthe2ndmandrelandisonlyanestimate.Becausethewellis
multi-pointinjectingand/orunstable,theactualperformancecapabilityofthewellmayactuallybegreaterthanis
shownabove.However,thegeneraltrendshouldbesimilartothatshownabove.
Schlumberger, 2001
CASE #3
Casingpressureanalysisindicatesallvalvesshould
beclosed.
Gradientanalysisindicatesonlyvalves#1&2have
sufficientdifferentialtoinject.
Gaspassageanalysisindicatesthatcurrentinjection
rateexceedscombinedcapacityoftop2valves.
Wellsuspectedtobeinjectingthroughholeintubing
thiswasconfirmedbybleedingdowncasing.
Ifcommunicationcanberepaired,gainof
approximately360bopdmaybeachieved.
Schlumberger, 2001
Example Flowing Gradient
Surveys
Schlumberger, 2001
Schlumberger, 2001
Schlumberger, 2001
Schlumberger, 2001
Schlumberger, 2001
HEADING / INSTABILITIES / SLUGGING
TUBING HEADING PHENOMENON
CASING HEADING PHENOMENON
INSTABILITY / SLUGGING ON START UP
VALVE PROBLEMS
Schlumberger, 2001
INJECTION PRESSURE OR PRODUCTION ANNULUS SLUGGING (HEADING)
CAN INDICATE
INSUFFICIENT GAS INJECTION RATES
INCORRECTLY SIZED CIRCULATING VALVE FOR THE GAS
INJECTION RATE
THE WELL COULD BE MULTI-POINTING
Schlumberger, 2001
Schlumberger, 2001
PRESSURE (PSI)
0 1000 2000
INJECTION GAS
0
FL
OW
ING
1000
TU
BI N
GP
RE
SS
2000
UR
EG
RA
DIE
3000
NT
DEPTH (FT TVD)
4000
5000
OPERATING GAS LIFT
VALVE
6000
SIBHP
7000
Schlumberger, 2001
FBHP
INSTABILITY-Theperpetuationofslugging
(whilstsub-criticalflowacrosstheoperatingvalve)
Slight decrease in CSG

Fluctuation in
pressure until drop in
Tubing pressure
gas inj. rate
g Ge
sin Increased Decreased
n
Decreased rea ate gas inj. rate gas inj. rate Pr eral Increase TBG
c
fluid density l In n R od
uc Dec
pressure
e ra ctio tio re
n u n asi
Ge Prod Ra ng
te
Slight increase in CSG
Decrease TBG pressure until sufficient
to increase gas inj. rate Increased fluid
pressure
density
Schlumberger, 2001
CRITICAL FLOW SUB-CRITICAL

FLOW
CRITICAL FLOW
PTUBING = 55%

Schlumberger, 2001
STABLE & OPTIMUM POINT OF INJECTION
THEORETICAL
UNSTABLE GAS OPTIMUM
INJ. RATE GAS INJ. RATE
PRODUCTION RATE (Qrate)
OPTIMUM GAS INJ. RATE

WITH SYSTEM CONSTRAINTS
GAS INJECTION RATE (Qg) Schlumberger, 2001

STABILITY CHECK
Criteria for Gas Lift Stability*

INFLOW RESPONSE
Well Casing Wellhead Flowing Total Gas Productivity Injection Port Stability Predicted Well status
Name Pressure Pressure Pressure Liquid Lift Index Size Criteria* Behavior
(psig) (psig) psi BPD Mmscf/d in
A5.xls 1800.00 552.45 4262.00 26414.19 3.30 29.00 0.1875 3.449808242 Stable GasLift
A6.xls 1397.80 390.05 1761.00 9987.05 4.40 8.20 0.375 1.146643372 Stable GasLift
A7.xls 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.375 #DIV/0! #DIV/0! Shutdown
B1.xls 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.4375 #DIV/0! #DIV/0! Shutdown
B2.xls 2070.00 379.90 3608.50 21365.00 4.70 27.00 0.3125 2.899782728 Stable GasLift
B4.xls 2060.00 410.35 2747.20 17834.73 6.10 27.00 0.4375 2.985449297 Stable GasLift
C7.xls 1016.45 427.75 1548.10 3955.02 3.50 4.60 0.5 0.578114879 Unstable GasLift
Total 79556 22.00
Comments
PLEASE NOTE THAT ABOVE STABILITY CRITERIA WERE CALCULATED BY USING WELL TEST DATA ONLY!
Schlumberger, 2001
STANDARD APPROACH TO REDUCING INSTABILITY
CHOKE WELL : DAMPENS TUBING SLUGS
LOSS OF PRODUCTION
INCREASE GAS INJECTION RATE : FORCE ORIFICE INTO
CRITICAL FLOW
NORMALLY INJECTION RATE EXCEEDS ECONOMIC
INJECTION RATE
ADDITIONAL LOAD ON COMPRESSOR
REDUCE ORIFICE SIZE

INCREASE UPSTREAM PRESSURE FOR SAME INJECTION
RATE (ADDITIONAL LOAD ON COMPRESSOR = REDUCE
COMPRESSOR THROUGHPUT)
Schlumberger, 2001
NOVA VALVE
Schlumberger, 2001
CRITICAL FLOW SUB-CRITICAL

FLOW
CRITICAL FLOW
PTUBING = 55% PTUBING = 90%

Schlumberger, 2001
OPERATING PRINCIPLE OF THE VENTURI
200
180
CHARACTERISTICS OF A
160
140
FlowRate(MCF/d)
120
100
The Square-edged orifice SQUARE-EDGED ORIFICE
performance curve
80
60
Large sub-critical flow
40
regime
20
0
0 100 200 300 400 500 600 Gas passage dependent on
TubingPressure
downstream pressure until
40 - 50% pressure lost
Poor pressure recovery =
large pressure drop & large
energy loss
Schlumberger, 2001
OPERATING PRINCIPLE OF THE VENTURI
THE VENTURI DESIGN ALLOWS THE FOLLOWING :
BETTER PRESSURE & ENERGY RECOVERY
LOWER DISCHARGE COEFFICIENT
DRASTICALLY REDUCED SUB-CRITICAL FLOW REGIME
CRITICAL VELOCITY (VELOCITY OF PRESSURE
TRANSMISSION/SONIC VELOCITY) ATTAINED WITHIN 10%
PRESSURE DROP
REDUCES INFLUENCE OF DOWNSTREAM PRESSURE ON
GAS PASSAGE = REDUCED RISK TO PROPAGATING
INSTABILITY
Nozzle-VenturiGasLiftValveProject
Pressurevs.FlowRateSummary
4000
1400psiUpstream
3500
3000
ImprovedOrificeValve
2500
ConventionalOrificeValve
2000 900psiUpstream
1500
1000 400psiUpstream
500
0
0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400
DownstreamPressure(psi) Schlumberger, 2001
Datashownisfromactualflowtests
COURSE SUMMARY
Overview of student objectives.

Overview of course objectives.
Q&A
Schlumberger, 2001

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CE-1: Gas Lift Products and

Gas Lift System Design

DEPTH (FT TVD)

Basic introduction to gas lift principles

DEPTH (FT TVD)

Overview of side-pocket accessories.

Name the 4 major forms of artificial lift.

CONTINUOUS FLOW GAS LIFT

INTERMITTENT GAS LIFT

CONVENTIONAL & WIRELINE RETRIEVABLE

TO INCREASE PRODUCTION RATES IN FLOWING WELLS

TO UNLOAD A WELL THAT WILL LATER FLOW NATURALLY

TO REMOVE OR UNLOAD FLUID IN GAS WELLS

TO BACK FLOW SALT WATER DISPOSAL WELLS

TO LIFT AQUIFER WELLS

Initial downhole equipment costs lower

low operational and maintenance cost

Simplified well completions

Flexibility - can handle rates from 10 to 50,000 bpd

Can best handle sand / gas / well deviation

Intervention relatively less expensive

Must have a source of gas

Possible high installation cost

Limited by available reservoir pressure

DEPTH (FT TVD)

INJECTION GAS INJECTION GAS

0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 6000 7000

TOP VALVE OPEN

0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 6000 7000

TOP VALVE OPEN 4000

0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 6000 7000

TOP VALVE OPEN 4000

0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 6000 7000

TOP VALVE OPEN 4000

0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 6000 7000

TOP VALVE OPEN 4000

0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 6000 7000

TOP VALVE CLOSED

0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 6000 7000

0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 6000 7000

Understand the purpose of a gas lift valve latch.

THERE ARE OTHER

DEPTH (FT TVD)

Understand the features / benefits, operation and nomenclature of:

Orienting Tool G Latch Polished

KB 1ST IDENTIFIER 1"POCKET

BASIC DESIGN VARIATIONS

2 SLIGHTLY REDUCED MAJ OR O.D.

LT SIDEPIPE POCKET PORTING

Derive the formula for opening pressure based on knowledge of

Dummy valves Orifice valves Unloading valves

Square edged Injection pressure (casing)

Normally required during unloading phase

Pressure Regulator Spring Operated Gas Lift Valve

WHEN THE VALVE IS CLOSED

OPENING FORCES (IPO VALVE) Fo1 = Pc (Ab- Ap)

TOTAL OPENING FORCE Fo = Pc (Ab - Ap) + Pt Ap

JUST BEFORE THE VALVE OPENS THE FORCES ARE EQUAL