Lecture-1 CFD

Lecture notes on CFD
D.G. Roychowdhury
Dean (Research)
Hindustan University
Lecture Note 1
Over view of CFD
Lecture notes on CFD by DG 2

Roychowdhury
What is CFD ?
CFD is the use of computers and

numerical techniques to solve
problems involving fluid flow.
Very powerful tool detail flow &

temperature field .

Roychowdhury
Applications
Automobiles : External Aerodynamics and
Underhood Flows
Aerospace : Aircrafts, Launch Vehicles,

Missiles
Ship Builders : Ship Hulls, Underwater Missiles,

Submarines
Power Plants: Turbomachines, Steam

Generators, Fuel Burners
Manufacturing : Cooling of Tools, Extrusion,

Casting Process
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Process Plants : Heat Exchangers, Cooling
Towers, Evaporators
Electronics : Cooling of Electronic

Equipments
Reacting Flows : Furnaces, Combustion

Chambers, Heat Exchangers
Multiphase Flows : Cavitation, Slurry Pumps,

Cyclone Separators
Structures : Offshore Structures, Fluid-

Structure Interaction
Atmosphere & Ocean : Weather Prediction, Air and

Water Pollution
Lecture notes on CFD by DG
Roychowdhury
5
Basic Principles of CFD
Fluid dynamics is governed by conservation of: mass;
momentum; energy; any additional constituents
PDE (contineous functions)
The approximation of a continuously-varying quantity
in terms of values at a finite number of points is
called discretisation.
The fundamental elements of any CFD simulation
are:
The fluid continuum is discretised; i.e. field
variables (, u, v, w, p, ) are approximated by their
values at a finite number of nodes.

Roychowdhury
The equations of motion are discretised; i.e.
approximated in terms of values at nodes:
differential or integral equations algebraic equations

(continuum) (discrete)
The system of algebraic equations is solved to give

values at the nodes.

Roychowdhury
WHAT DOES A CFD ALGORITHM DO ?
Math.
Governing System of
Model Discretisation
Physical PDEs- Non- Quasi-linear
System linear and Equations
Coupled
Solution
Field values of
flow variables
Pre Processing
at discrete grid
nodes
Post Processing
Contours and vectors
Grid Generation Flow quantities - lift,
Flow property drag, thrust, heat
Initial & Boundary transfer .
Conditions
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Pre Processor
Pre-Processor is a user-friendly interface to provide
problem inputs in a form suitable for flow solver
What does a CFD Pre-Processor do ?
Definition of Geometry of Computational Domain
Grid Generation subdivision of computation domain into a
finite number of non-overlapping sub-domains
Choice of time step size for unsteady problems
Choice of Mathematical models for different physical
complexities
Definition of fluid properties
Specification of boundary conditions and initial conditions

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Solver
Numerical solution of the governing
equations
Discretisation
Solution of Algebraic Equations.
In commercial CFD packages the solver
is often operated as a black box.
Nevertheless, user intervention is
necessary to set under-relaxation
factors and input parameters
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Post Processor
Display of Domain Geometry and Grid details
Vector Plots
Line and Shaded Contour plots
Particle Tracking
View Manipulation with translation, rotation, scaling

etc.
Animation and Dynamic results display

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Governing Equations
Fluid dynamics is governed by
conservation of:
mass;
momentum;
energy;
any additional constituents.
Governing Equations can be written
Integral form
Differential form

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Discretisation
Finite Difference Method

Uses differential form
Taylor series expansion

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Discretisation- contd
Finite Volume Method
Uses Integral form
it rigorously enforces
conservation;
it is flexible in terms of both
geometry and the variety of fluid
phenomena;
it is directly relatable to physical
quantities (mass flux, etc.).
Net mass outflow = (uA)e (uA)w +(vA)n (vA)s = 0

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Discretisation- contd
Finite Element Method
Uses integral form Weak or Variation
formulation.
Domain discretised by elements.
A simple functional form is assumed to
approximate the solution.
Discretised equations are more complex.
Conservation of transport property of
advection terms is non-trivial.

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Discretisation Properties
(i) Consistent
The discretised equations are
equivalent to the continuum equations
in the limit as the grid size tends to
zero.

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(ii) Conservative
Achieved by consistent expressions for fluxes
through the faces of adjacent control
volumes; i.e.
what goes out of one cell must go into the
adjacent cell;
fluxes are associated with faces, not nodes.
This is automatically built into the finite-
volume method hence its popularity.

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(iii) Transportive
Directional influence borne out in an advection

scheme. In practice this means a higher weighting
to node(s) on the upstream side of a face.
(iv) Bounded
In an advection-diffusion problem without sources

the solution is bounded by the maximum and
minimum values of the flow variable at
surrounding nodes.

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(v) Stable
This determines whether it is possible

to obtain a solution it says nothing
about its accuracy.
It means that small errors do not grow
in the course of the solution procedure.

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Boundary Conditions
The most common types of boundary
condition are:
specified (Dirichlet boundary conditions);
e.g. u = 0 at a wall, or temperature fixed at
some surface;
/n specified (Neumann boundary
conditions).
e.g. /n = 0 on a symmetry plane, or at an
outflow boundary.
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Solution of Algebraic Equations
The discretisation of a single scalar transport equation
over a single control volume produces an algebraic
equation of the form:
Combining the equations for all control volumes produces

a set of simultaneous equations, i.e. a matrix equation

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Matrix Solution Algorithms
Gaussian Elimination : direct (i.e. not
iterative) method recommended for small
hand calculation
Gauss- Seidel : Iterative method
Line Iterative process Procedure
Alternate Directional Implicit.
Strongly Implicit Scheme (SIP)
Conjugate Gradient Methods.

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Reynolds-Averaged
Equations (Turbulent Flow)

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The majority of flows encountered in
engineering are turbulent.
Most can be regarded as time-dependent,
three-dimensional fluctuations
superimposed on a much simpler mean flow.
Generally, we are only interested in the
mean quantities the mean flow itself or
root-mean-square (rms) levels of turbulence
rather than details of the time-dependent
flow.

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The process of Reynolds-averaging
decomposes each flow variable into
mean and turbulent parts:
mean fluctuation

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When the averaging process is applied
to the Navier-Stokes equation, the result
is:
an equivalent equation for the mean
flow, except for turbulent fluxes,
- uv.
In order to solve the mean-flow

equations, a turbulence model is
required for these turbulent stresses.

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Popular models exploit an analogy
between viscous and turbulent transport
Employ an eddy viscosity t to
supplement the molecular viscosity.

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Grid Types
Cartesian Curvilinear (Body-fitted)
Unstructured

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Flow Visualisation
X-Y Plot

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Line Contour

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Shaded Contour Plot

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Vector plot

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Composite Plots

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Thank You

Roychowdhury

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Lecture notes on CFD

Over view of CFD

Lecture notes on CFD by DG 2

CFD is the use of computers and

Very powerful tool detail flow &

Lecture notes on CFD by DG 3

Aerospace : Aircrafts, Launch Vehicles,

Ship Builders : Ship Hulls, Underwater Missiles,

Power Plants: Turbomachines, Steam

Manufacturing : Cooling of Tools, Extrusion,

Electronics : Cooling of Electronic

Reacting Flows : Furnaces, Combustion

Multiphase Flows : Cavitation, Slurry Pumps,

Structures : Offshore Structures, Fluid-

Atmosphere & Ocean : Weather Prediction, Air and

Lecture notes on CFD by DG 6

differential or integral equations algebraic equations

The system of algebraic equations is solved to give

Lecture notes on CFD by DG 7

Lecture notes on CFD by DG 9

Line and Shaded Contour plots

View Manipulation with translation, rotation, scaling

Animation and Dynamic results display

Lecture notes on CFD by DG 11

Lecture notes on CFD by DG 12

Finite Difference Method

Lecture notes on CFD by DG 13

Net mass outflow = (uA)e (uA)w +(vA)n (vA)s = 0

Lecture notes on CFD by DG 14

Lecture notes on CFD by DG 15

Lecture notes on CFD by DG 16

Lecture notes on CFD by DG 17

Directional influence borne out in an advection

In an advection-diffusion problem without sources

Lecture notes on CFD by DG 18

This determines whether it is possible

Lecture notes on CFD by DG 19

Combining the equations for all control volumes produces

Lecture notes on CFD by DG 21

Lecture notes on CFD by DG 22

Lecture notes on CFD by DG 23

Lecture notes on CFD by DG 24

Lecture notes on CFD by DG 25

In order to solve the mean-flow

Lecture notes on CFD by DG 26

Lecture notes on CFD by DG 27

Lecture notes on CFD by DG 28

Lecture notes on CFD by DG 29

Lecture notes on CFD by DG 30

Lecture notes on CFD by DG 31

Lecture notes on CFD by DG 32

Lecture notes on CFD by DG 33

Lecture notes on CFD by DG 34

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