Some Statistical Methods in Anachem
Some Statistical Methods in Anachem
Some Statistical Methods in Anachem
where,
WHAT IS LOD
oThe standard deviation of the blank sample is a measure of noise
that may be due to instrumental errors or other factors
oThe usual confidence factor that is used is 2 or 3.
oTo successfully differentiate the analyte from the blank, the analyte
signal should be at least 2 or 3 times the noise of a blank sample.
oThis validation technique is very useful in comparing the accuracy
different analytical methods
WHAT IS LOQ
oAlso known as the limit of quantification or quantification limit.
o LOQ is the lowest concentration that can be measured with
reasonable accuracy (Harris et al)
o It is the lowest concentration that can not only detectable but can
also be accurately measured
oTo find the LOQ, the analyte signal should be at least 10 times the
noise of a blank signal
WHAT IS LOQ
It is given by the equation:
where,
F-TEST
F-TEST
An F test is run in a very particular situation: when you want to
compare twovariances.
The test compares theratioof two variances.
If the variances are equal, the ratio of the variances will equal 1.
For example, if you had two data sets with asample1 variance of
10 and a sample 2 variance of 10, the ratio would be 10/10 = 1.
BIAS
WHAT IS BIAS?
oBias is the tendency to over estimate of under estimate a
parameter in a sample or population
o A measurement is biased if it does not truly reflect the parameter
of a sample.
oIt measures the systematic errors associated with analysis
HOW TO COMPUTE FOR
BIAS?
It is given by the equation
oTwo-way ANOVA
oUsed to compare measurements from an experiment with two variables
oUsed to examine interactions between the 2 variables
ANOVA
HOW TO USE ANOVA?
Basic concepts:
1. Factor
Independent variable
common characteristic
E.x. solvent, analyst, method, pH
2. Level
Different groups in the same independent variable
Analyst 1, analyst2, method 1, pH2, pH3
3. Response
Measurements to be compared
Ex. Amount Ca, % yield
HOW TO USE ANOVA
!. Calculate mean values and the grand mean
6. Analyze
Test hypothesis
Compare treatment and residue
F value tells the distance between the value and hypotenuse
ANOVA PROBLEMS
ANOVA PROBLEMS
REFERENCES
Skoog, D.,West, D, Holler, F., Crouch, S. (2013). Fundamentals of Analytical
Chemistry 9th Ed. Cengage Learning Brooks/Cole. United States.
Christian, G. (2004). Analytical Chemistry 6th Ed. John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
United States.
Harris, D. C. (2007).Quantitative chemical analysis. New York, NY: W.H.
Freeman and Co.
Statistics and probability dictionary. Retrieved from
http://stattrek.com/statistics/dictionary.aspx?definition=Bias
How to calculate anova table. Retrieved from
https://stat.ethz.ch/education/semesters/as2013/anova/ANOVA_how_to_do
.pdf
ASSIGNMENT